ppt课件-1. crystal structure- sabancüniversitesi（ 晶体结构 ）.pptVIP

1. Crystal Structure Issues that are addressed in this chapter include: Periodic array of atoms Fundamental types of lattices Index system for crystal planes Simple crystal structures Imaging of atomic structure Non-ideal structures EEE539 Solid State Electronics 1.1 Periodic Array of Atoms Crystals are composed of a periodic array of atoms: The structure of all crystals can be described in terms of a lattice, with a group of atoms attached to each lattice point called basis: basis + lattice = crystal structure + = The lattice and the lattice translation vectors a1, a2, and a3 are primitive if any two points satisfy: where u1, u2 and u3 are integers. The primitive lattice translation vectors specify unit cell of smallest volume. A lattice translation operator is defined as a displacement of a crystal with a crystal translation operator. To describe a crystal, it is necessary to specify three things: What is the lattice What are the lattice translation vectors What is the basis A basis of atoms is attached to a lattice point and each atom in the basis is specified by: where 0 ? xj, yj, zj ? 1. The basis consists of one or several atoms. The primitive cell is a parallelepiped specified by the primitive translation vectors. It is a minimum volume cell and there is one lattice point per primitive cell. The volume of the primitive cell is: Basis associated with a primitive cell is called a primitive basis and contains the least # of atoms. 1.2 Fundamental types of lattices To understand the various types of lattices, one has to learn elements of group theory: Point group consists of symmetry operations in which at least one point remains fixed and unchanged in space. There are two types of symmetry operations: proper and improper. Space group consists of both translational and rotational symmetry operations of a crystal. In here: T = group of all translational symmetry opera- tions R = group of all symmetry operations that involve rotations. The mos