s m s-491 physicalsolutionsofeverydayproblemsinaquatic（s m s - 491 physicalsolutionsofeverydayproblemsinaquatic）.docVIP

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s m s-491 physicalsolutionsofeverydayproblemsinaquatic（s m s - 491 physicalsolutionsofeverydayproblemsinaquatic）.doc

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SMS-491: Physical solutions of everyday problems in aquatic sciences. Lecture 11: Heat and temperature The study of heat transfer is called thermodynamics. In thermodynamics we talk about systems, a collection of molecule in a container, a slab of material, etc. Systems are categorized based on whether they are: 1. Open systems-can exchange energy and mass with their surrounding. 2. Closed systems-can exchange energy but no mass with their surrounding. 3. Isolated systems-dont exchange energy nor mass with their surrounding. Two bodies have the same temperature if when we put them in contact with each other they do not change (they are said to be in thermal equilibrium). 0th law of thermodynamics: if two systems are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third, then they must also be in thermal equilibrium with each other, and they all have the same temperature regardless of the kind of systems they are. One of the two systems could be an instrument calibrated to measure the temperature - i.e. a thermometer. When a calibrated thermometer is put in thermal contact with a system and reaches thermal equilibrium, we then have a quantitative measure of the temperature of the system. A thermometer is an instrument that measures the temperature of a system in a quantitative way. The easiest way to do this is to find a substance having a property that changes in a regular way with its temperature (for example its volume). The most direct regular way is a linear one: T(x) = ax + b, where T is the temperature of the substance and changes as the property x of the substance changes. Temperature scales In 1724 that Gabriel Fahrenheit, an instrument maker of D?anzig and Amsterdam, used mercury as the thermometric liquid. Mercurys thermal expansion (the change of volume with temperature) is large and fairly uniform, it does not adhere to the glass, and it remains a liquid over a wide range of temperatures. Fahrenheit calibrated the scale of his mercury thermometer so that the