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摘 要 石油及其产品是多种碳氢化合物的混合物，其中的轻组分具有很强的挥发性，在石油的开采、炼制、储运及销售过程中，由于受到工艺技术及设备的限制，不可避免地会有一部分较轻的液态组分汽化，逸入大气，造成不可回收的损失。这不仅造成了油品数量损失，还将使油品质量下降，同时造成大气污染，危害人身健康，且在局部地区构成潜在的火灾危险。因此，努力降低蒸发损耗，是我国能源储备建设中一项具有重要意义的工作。 本文针对装油环节存在的蒸发损耗问题开展了理论与试验研究。基于传质原理，定量计算了油品装车过程中的蒸发损耗量，并在大庆油田西油库开展了罐车装油蒸发损耗量测试现场试验，最后结合目前各种常用油气回收方法的技术工艺特点，有针对性地设计了原油装车蒸发损耗控制与油气回收装置。研究结果表明，原油铁路运输中装油环节的蒸发损耗率在 0.04～0.06%，与已知成品油的损耗率相当，且影响装车损耗的主要因素包括环境温度、鹤管高度及装油速度，同时，色谱分析结果显示，挥发油气中 20%的油蒸汽主要是 C4～C7的烃类；以液下装车和油气回收相结合的思路，设计了一套能大幅度减少原油蒸发损耗量的密闭装车装置，并考虑到对已有工艺进行改造时存在的一些制约性因素，提出了一种直接将回收油气燃烧再利用的简易可行技术。 关键词：蒸发损耗；装车损耗；油气回收；密闭装车ABSTRACT Petroleum and its products are a mixture of hydrocarbons,among which light component have strong volatility, in the mining, refining, transportation and sales process of crude oil, there will inevitably be a part of the lighter liquid fraction of vaporization, escape into the atmosphere, causing unrecoverable loss due to technology and equipment limitations. It not only results in the loss of oil quantity and the reduction of oil quality but also causes atmospheric pollution, endanger human health and compose the buried fire hazard in partial area. Therefore making efforts to reduce the oil and gas losses through evaporation is one of the most significant businesses in the construction of Chinese energy storage. The paper is aimed at the theory and experimental investigation of the oil and gas losses through evaporation during crude oil entrucking by railway transportation, based on mass transfer theory, quantitative calculating the quantity of the oil and gas losses through evaporation,and take a field experiment about the test of quantity of the oil and gas losses through evaporation in West tank farm of Daqing oil field, at last combinating the technology trait of usually various oil and gas gathering methods to design an apparatus which control of oil and gas losses through evaporation during crude oil entrucking and oil and gas gathering. Conclusion of the research indicates that losses throug