Engine Dissection Nuts and Bolts发动机解剖螺母和螺栓.pptVIP

Nuts and Bolts Threaded Fastener Issues: Types Materials/Grades Tightening Torque Threaded Fasteners Did you know that? the Boeing 747 uses about 2.5 million fasteners 70,000 titanium costing $150,000 400,000 other fasteners costing about $250,000 30,000 squeeze rivets, 50cents each installed In certain applications (such as an engine head), you should tighten the bolt as much as possible, if it does not fail by twisting during tightening, there is a very good possibility that the bolt will never fail Why are fasteners used? Advantages Removable Easy to install Wide variety of standard parts Disadvantages loosening failure cost Types Machine screws Wood screws Tapping screws Standard Thread Systems Unified or American ACME SI (ISO) Pipe Whitworth (UK) Typical Designation 1/2” - 13 UNC - 2A Bolt Grades Grade indicates the tensile strength of the bolt Determined by bolt material and heat treating Tightening Torque It is typical on engines for bolts to have a specified tightening torque. Why? It results in a quantified preload on the bolts Insures that parts never separate Maintains friction (no sliding to shear forces) Insures even distribution of loading prevent warpage of mating parts uniform pressure distribution over seal or gasket Prevents bolt from loosening Reduces fatique effects Bolt Manufacturing Processes Forging (upsetting) Rolling Manufacturing Processes - continued Turning on screw machines References Kalpakjian, S. Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, 2nd Edition, Addison Wesley, 1992. Spotts, M.F., Design of Machine Elements. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1985. Shigley, Joseph and Mitchell, Larry, Mechanical Engineering Design. McGraw-HillBook Company, 1983. Fasteners.ppt - * external thread (B means internal) Class of fit (1 is loosest tolerance, 3 is tightest) Thread Series UNC (Unified Coarse) UNF (Unified Fine) Pitch (threads/inch) Nomin