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Ayo 2011 動物行為學(通識) * When does runaway selection stop? It can produce increasingly exaggerated male traits And a stronger female preference for them Females acquire genes that make their sons attractive Runaway selection results in mate choice for arbitrary or disadvantageous traits The process is stabilized when natural selection balances sexual selection The male trait becomes too energetically costly to produce Or when males are less likely to escape from predators Ayo 2011 動物行為學(通識) * Sensory bias Female preferences for male traits evolve because these traits stimulate an existing bias in the female’s sensory system i.e. females have a sensory bias to help them find certain colored food Males exploit this bias by using the same color to attract females during courtship Male satin bowerbirds decorate their bowers with blue grapes Female regent bowerbirds and satin bowerbirds prefer to eat blue grapes Ayo 2011 動物行為學(通識) * Learning and mate choice Sexual imprinting Young individuals quickly learn mating preferences from their interaction with adults. Imprinting is restricted to some small time window during normal development, but the length of this window varied dramatically across species. Learning and mate choice in mannikin bird Ayo 2011 動物行為學(通識) * Experimentally examine sexual imprinting Using the cross-fostering approach. Employing the “novel trait” approach, in which offspring are raised by parents that have some novel trait that an experimenter has introduced. Using the novel trail approach to studying sexual imprinting on the mannikin bird, Lonchura leucogastroides. Ayo 2011 動物行為學(通識) * Four groups Group 1, served as a control. Group 2, offspring were raised with their mother and father, each of whom had a red head feather attached to their forehead. Group 3, father with a red feather Group 4, mother with a red feather. Young mannikins imprinted on the red head feather of their parents, and expressed a preference for such adorned birds when they th