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The Fabricatioin of Ceramics 3.1 General 3.2 Cost 3.3 Raw materials 3.4 Powder preparation – mixing 3.5 Calcination 3.6 Shaping 3.1 General The objectives of fabrication are to produce1. A material with specific properties,2. A body of a required shape and size within specified dimensional tolerances3. The required component at an economic cost The material properties : controlled by the composition,affected by the grain size, porosity of the sintered ceramic The latter features : affected by the method of fabrication The key stages in the fabrication : calcination, sintering The fabrication process comprises five stages:1. the specification, purchase and storage of raw materials;2. The preparation of a composition in powder form;3. Forming the powder into a shape;4. Sintering5. finishing 3.3. Raw materials The labels on analytical reagents : impurities is importantmoisture check : a loss in weight after heating Aspect of the composition :moisture, humidity - loss method in weight after heating to a suitable temperature Chemical composition : aspect of the specification of a ‘raw materials’ Reactivity : particle size, perfection of the crystals comprising the particles Raw material parameters : modified by the subsequent processing, correction, variations, balance Test for standard process : product with specified properties The storage of material is important ?? ?? ??? ? Impedance analyzer - Resonance frequency, Fr, Anti- Fa - Mechanical quality factor, Qm - Electromechanical coupling factor, Kp - Young’s modulus, Y - Piezoelectric constant, d31 - Permittivity, ? Piezo - d33 meter - Piezoelectric constant, d33 The Archimedean principle - Density, ? 3.4 Powder Preparation – Mixing1 1st step : weigh out the raw material (allowance for impurity, moisture content) 2nd step : mixing – eliminating aggregate, reducing the particle sizeDuring calcining : matter of neighbouring particles – interdiffusemixing? ? ????? ??? ??(sintering)? aggregates??? ??? ?