PowerPoint Presentation Temperate GrasslandsPowerPoint演示文稿的温带草原.pptVIP

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PowerPoint Presentation Temperate GrasslandsPowerPoint演示文稿的温带草原.ppt

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PowerPoint Presentation Temperate GrasslandsPowerPoint演示文稿的温带草原

Temperate Grasslands Prairies, (N. Am. [Great Plains, Palouse, California]) Steppes (Russia - Ukraine [Hungary-Rumania]) Pampas (Argentina - Uruguay) Veldt (S. Africa); NZ tussock grasslands Temperate grasslands Temperate grasslands Prairies and steppes have continental climates characterised by large annual range of temperature, cool - cold winters, with most of precipitation as snow, and hot, commonly droughty summers because of high evapotranspiration rates. North American grasslands Palouse prairie California grasslands Classifying the American prairie Mean annual temperature and precipitation in US prairies Temperature regimes(Great Plains stations) Precipitation regimes(west- east transect) The prairie-forest boundary Budyko suggested that the forest - grassland boundary in the midwest corresponds with a dryness ratio* of 1.1 -1.2 (=dotted line) Pacific air mass dominance period (months of the year) Soils Loessic parent material - derived from aeolian reworking of glacial and fluvioglacial deposits in northern North America and Europe during late glacial periods. Limited areas of glacial, fluvioglacial, and alluvial deposits Soil genesis In humid areas on forest margins BRUNIZEMS are the dominant soil type. Characterized by moderately acid A horizon (pH 5-6). In tall-grass prairies CHERNOZEMS (MOLLISOLS) are dominant. A horizon has pH of about 6-7. Dominant processes are melanization and calcification. Rodent (esp. gopher) and insect activity may recycle 100 ton/ha/of soil per year to surface. Chernozem/Mollisol profiles Soil mosaic in humid prairies (humic gleys in hollows; soil erosion on ridges) Soil catena in dry prairies Chernozem-solonetz mosaic in grazed steppe, Rumania Some common grass species Grass-climate relations(highly schematic) Topography and plant cover: mixed grass prairies (ungrazed) Grass phenology Cardinal temperatures for net photosynthesis, C4 and C3 plants C4 grasses:a) less tolerant of low temperatures (e.g. flowering inhi