Quantum Certificate Complexity Scott Aaronson量子复杂性证书史葛阿伦森.pptVIP

Lower Bounds for Local Search by Quantum Arguments Scott Aaronson (UC Berkeley) /~aaronson August 14, 2003 Quantum Background Needed for This Talk Outline Problem: Find a local minimum of a function using as few function evaluations (queries) as possible Relational adversary method: A quantum method for proving quantum and classical lower bounds on query complexity (only other example: Kerenidis and de Wolf 2003) Applying the method to LOCAL SEARCH Open problems The LOCAL SEARCH Problem Given: undirected connected graph G=(V,E) and function Task: Find a v?V such thatfor all neighbors w of v Motivation Why do local search algorithms work so well in practice? Conventional wisdom: Because finding a local optimum is intrinsically not that hard We show this is false—even for quantum computers Raises a question: Why do exponentially long chains of descending values, as used for lower bounds, almost never occur in “real-world” problems? Motivation #2 Quantum adiabatic algorithm (Farhi et al.): Quantum analogue of simulated annealing Can sometimes “tunnel” through barriers to reach global instead of local optima Further strange feature: For function f(x)=|x| on Boolean hypercube {0,1}n, finds minimum 0n in O(1) queries, instead of O(n) classically We give first example where adiabatic algorithm is provably only polynomially faster than simulated annealing at finding local optima Motivation #3 Megiddo and Papadimitriou defined a complexity class TFNP, of NP search problems for which we know a solution exists Example: Given a circuit that maps {0,1}n to {0,1}n-1, find two inputs that map to same output Papadimitriou: Are TFNP problems good candidates for fast quantum algorithms? My answer: Probably not Collision lower bound (A 2002): PPP ? FBQP relative to an oracle (PPP = Polynomial Pigeonhole Principle, FBQP = Function Bounded-Error Quantum Polytime) This work: PLS ? FBQP relative to an oracle (PLS = Polynomial Local Search) Deterministic Query Complexity of LOCAL SEA