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The world as viewed by and with unpaired electrons.pdf

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The world as viewed by and with unpaired electrons.pdf

Journal of Magnetic Resonance 223 (2012) 151–163 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Journal of Magnetic Resonance journal homepage: /locate/jmr Perspectives in Magnetic Resonance The world as viewed by and with unpaired electrons Sandra S. Eaton, Gareth R. Eaton ? Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA article info Article history: Received 27 May 2012 Revised 26 July 2012 Available online 15 August 2012 Keywords: Digital EPR Direct detection Rapid scan EPR Distance measurements Pulsed EPR EPR applications abstract Recent advances in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) include capabilities for applications to areas as diverse as archeology, beer shelf life, biological structure, dosimetry, in vivo imaging, molecular magnets, and quantum computing. Enabling technologies include multifrequency continuous wave, pulsed, and rapid scan EPR. Interpretation is enhanced by increasingly powerful computational models. ó 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction As noted by J.S. Hyde in the 1970s ‘there are spins everywhere’. Advances in our ability to probe those spins with new techniques, interpret observations, make predictions using ever-more powerful computational models, and improved sensitivity to a diversity of characteristics of the samples, makes this an exciting time for electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Applications range from archeology to zero-?eld splittings. In this article we seek to convey our perspectives on these opportunities. Although there is a tendency in modern science for researchers to become increasingly specialized, we seek to provide an overview of the wide range of opportunities for applications of EPR. For conciseness, most details are incorporated by citation to the literature. References are intended to be illustrative, not comprehensive, and we cite books and reviews rather than original papers for many areas. We do not claim to provide references to the ‘‘?rs