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A universal radioX-ray correlation in lowhard state black hole binaries
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Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 000, 000–000 (0000) Printed 2 February 2008 (MN LATEX style file v2.2)
A universal radio:X–ray correlation in low/hard state black
hole binaries
E. Gallo1?, R. P. Fender1, G. G. Pooley2
1 Astronomical Institute ‘Anton Pannekoek’ and Center for High Energy Astrophysics, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 403,
1098 SJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
2 Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory, Cavendish Laboratory, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.
2 February 2008
ABSTRACT
Several independent lines of evidence now point to a connection between the physical
processes that govern radio (i.e. jet) and X–ray emission from accreting X–ray binaries.
We present a comprehensive study of (quasi–)simultaneous radio:X–ray observations
of stellar black hole binaries during the spectrally hard X–ray state, finding evidence
for a strong correlation between these two bands over more than three orders of mag-
nitude in X–ray luminosity. The correlation extends from the quiescent regime up to
close to the soft state transition, where radio emission starts to decline, sometimes be-
low detectable levels, probably corresponding to the physical disappearance of the jet.
The X–ray transient V 404 Cygni is found to display the same functional relationship
already reported for GX 339–4 between radio and X–ray flux, namely Sradio ∝ S
+0.7
X
.
In fact the data for all low/hard state black holes is consistent with a universal rela-
tion between the radio and X–ray luminosity of the form Lradio ∝ L
+0.7
X
. Under the
hypothesis of common physics driving the disc–jet coupling in different sources, the
observed spread to the best–fit relation can be interpreted in terms of a distribution
in Doppler factors and hence used to constrain the bulk Lorentz factors of both the
radio and X–ray emitting regions. Monte Carlo simulations show that, assuming little
or no X–ray beaming, the measured scatter in radio po
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