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New Ideas in the Theory of Extrasolar Giant Planets and Brown Dwarfs.pdf

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New Ideas in the Theory of Extrasolar Giant Planets and Brown Dwarfs

a r X i v : a s t r o - p h / 9 8 0 9 0 8 4 v 1 8 S e p 1 9 9 8 NEW IDEAS IN THE THEORY OF EXTRASOLAR GIANT PLANETS AND BROWN DWARFS ADAM BURROWS, BILL HUBBARD, and JONATHAN LUNINE University of Arizona MARK MARLEY New Mexico State University and DIDIER SAUMON Vanderbilt University I. INTRODUCTION The study of extrasolar giant planets (EGPs*) and brown dwarfs via reflex stellar motion, broad–band photometry, and spectroscopy has finally come into its own. Doppler spectroscopy alone has revealed about 15 objects in the giant planet/brown dwarf regime, including companions to τ Boo, 51 Peg, υ And, 55 Cnc, ρ CrB, 70 Vir, 16 Cyg B, and 47 UMa (Noyes et al. 1997; Butler et al. 1997; Cochran et al. 1997; Marcy Butler 1996; Butler Marcy 1996; Mayor Queloz 1995; Latham et al. 1989). The direct detection of Gl229 B (Oppenheimer et al. 1995; Naka- jima et al. 1995; Matthews et al. 1996; Geballe et al. 1996; Marley et al. 1996; Allard et al. 1996; Tsuji et al. 1996) was a milestone since Gl229 B displays methane spectral features and low surface fluxes that are unique to objects with effective temperatures (in this case, Teff～950 K) below those at the solar–metallicity main sequence edge (～1750 K, Burrows et al. 1993). In addition, the almost complete absence of spectral signatures of metal oxides and hydrides (such as TiO, VO, FeH, and CaH) is in keeping with theoretical predictions that these species are depleted in the atmospheres of all but the youngest (hence, hottest) substellar objects and are sequestered in condensed form be- low the photosphere (Lunine et al. 1989; Marley et al. 1996). The wide range in mass and period, as well as the proximity of many of the * We use this shorthand for Extrasolar Giant Planet, but the terms “ex- oplanet” or “super–jupiter” are equally appropriate. [1] 2planets/brown dwarfs to their primaries, was not anticipated by most planetary scientists. Though the technique of Doppler spectroscopy used to find these companions selects fo