Ch02- Demand and Consumer Behavior.pptVIP

;;How Changes in Income Affect the Consumer’s Choices收入变动如何影响消费者的选择;Figure 7 An Increase in Income;图7. 收入增加;Normal versus Inferior Goods If a consumer buys more of a good when his or her income rises, the good is called a normal good. If a consumer buys less of a good when his or her income rises, the good is called an inferior good.;正常物品与低档物品 如果当消费者收入增加时，消费者想更多地购买一种物品，这种物品被称为正常物品。 如果当消费者收入增加时，消费者想更少地购买一种物品，这种物品被称为低档物品。;Figure 8 An Inferior Good;新预算约束线;How Changes in Prices Affect Consumer Choices价格变动如何影响消费者的选择;Figure 9 A Change in Price;图9. 价格变动;Income and Substitution Effects收入效应和替代效应;The Income Effect The income effect is the change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer to a higher or lower indifference curve. The Substitution Effect The substitution effect is the change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer along an indifference curve to a point with a different marginal rate of substitution.;收入效应 收入效应——当一种价格变动使消费者移动到更高或更低无差异曲线时所引起的消费变动。 替代效应 替代效应——当一种价格变动使消费者沿着一条既定的无差异曲线移动到有新边际替代率一点时所引起的消费变动。;Figure 10 Income and Substitution Effects;Figure 10 Income and Substitution Effects;图10. 收入与替代效应;价格变动：替代效应 价格变动首先使消费者沿着同一条无差异曲线从一点移动到另一点。 在图上看就是从A点移动到B点。 价格变动：收入效应 在同一条无差异曲线上从一点移动到另一点以后，消费者将移动到另一条无差异曲线上。 从图上看就是从B点移动到C点。;Table 1 Income and Substitution Effects When the Price of Pepsi Falls;表1. 当百事可乐价格下降时的收入与替代效应;The Economics of Addiction;Among the most controversial areas of social policy are demerit goods involving addictions. The demands for addictive substances are quite price-inelastic. Consumption of these substances raises major public policy issues because addictive substances may injure users and often impose costs and harms on society. One policy approach in the United States is to prohibit the sale and use of addictive substances and to enforce prohibition with criminal sanctions(刑事制裁).;Economically, prohibition can be interpreted as a sharp upward shift in the supply curve. After the upward shift, th