Annihilators of nilpotent elements英文文献资料.docVIP

ANNIHILATORSOFNILPOTENTELEMENTS ABRAHAMA.KLEIN Received23February2005andinrevisedform4September2005 Letxbeanilpotentelementofanin?niteringR(notnecessarilywith1).Weprovethat A(x)—the two-sided annihilator of x—has a large intersection with any in?nite ideal I of R in the sense that card(A(x)∩I)=cardI. In particular, cardA(x)=cardR ; and thisisapplied toprovethatifN isthesetofnilpotent elements ofRandR=N ,then card(R\N)≥cardN. ForanelementxofaringR,letA
(x),Ar(x),andA(x)denote,respectively,theleft, right and two-sided annihilator of x in R. For a set X, we denote cardX by |X| ; and saythat asubset Y ofX islarge inX if |Y|=|X|.Weprovethat ifx isanynilpotent element and I is any in?nite ideal of R, then A(x)∩I is large in I, and in particular |A (x)|=|A (x)|=|A(x)|=|R|.Thelastresultisappliedtoobtainageneralization of
r aresultofPutchaandYaqub[2]whichshowsthatanin?nitenonnilringhasin?nitely many nonnilpotent elements. A short proof of their result isgiven in [1]. Weprovea muchstronger resultshowing thatthesetofnonnilpotent elements ofanonnil ringis at least as large as is its set of nilpotent elements. The following lemma is simple but crucial. Lemma1. LetRbeanin?nitering,(S,+)anin?nitesubgroupof(R,+),andxanelementof R.Theneither|Sx|=|S|or|A
(x)∩S|=|S|,andsimilarly|xS|=|S|or|Ar(x)∩S|=|S|. Proof. Consider the map y→yx from (S,+) onto (Sx,+). The kernel is A
(x)∩S , so |S|=|Sx||A (x)∩S|andtheresultfollowssinceSisin?nite.

A subset of a ring R is said to be root closed if whenever it contains a power of an element,italsocontainstheelementitself. Theorem2. LetRbeanin?niteringandαanin?nitecardinal.Then,thefollowinghold. (i)Foranyleft (right) ideal I ofR,the set {x∈R||Ar(x)∩I|=α}(resp., {x∈R| |A (x)∩I|=α})isrootclosed.Inparticular,ifIisin?nite, {x∈R||A (x)∩I |=
r |I|} (resp., {x∈R||A (x)∩I|=|I|}) is root closed, so it contains the set N of
nilpotentelementsofR. Copyright?2005HindawiPublishingCorporation InternationalJournalofMathemati