Are premenstrual symptoms associated with health anxiety in nursing graduates英文文献资料.docVIP

Open Journal of Psychiatry, 2011, 1, 98-105 OJPsych doi:10.4236/ojpsych.2011.13014 Published Online October 2011 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/OJPsych/). Are premenstrual symptoms associated with health anxiety in nursing graduates? Yinghui Xu , Russell Noyes Jr. , Arthur J. Hartz , Barcey T. Levy , Jeanette M. Daly , 1* 2 3 1 1 4 Susan R. Johnson 1 2 3 4 Department of Family Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States; Department of Obstetrics Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States. Email: yinghui-xu@ * Received 25 August 2011; revised 21 September 2011; accepted 29 September 2011. ABSTRACT by primary care and specialist physicians. Although as many as 80% of women experience one or more symp- toms [1], clinically significant PMS may occur in 20% to 50% of women [2]. Three to 8% of women are affected by premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), a more severe form of PMS associated with significant impair- ment of functioning [1,3-6]. Even though extensive re- search has been conducted on PMS and PMDD, uncer- tainty about its etiology and its relationship to biological, psychological and social factors remains. Psychological factors include stressful life events, per- sonality dimensions, and psychiatric comorbidity. Studies have found high psychiatric comorbidity among wo- men with PMS/PMDD. For instance, 50% of women with prospectively diagnosed perimenstrual syndromes had concurrent major depression, 35% had panic disorde