Behavioral and Physiological Responses of Ozark Zigzag Salamanders to Stimuli from an Invasive Predator The Armadillo英文文献资料.docVIP

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Behavioral and Physiological Responses of Ozark Zigzag Salamanders to Stimuli from an Invasive Predator The Armadillo英文文献资料.doc

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Behavioral and Physiological Responses of Ozark Zigzag Salamanders to Stimuli from an Invasive Predator The Armadillo英文文献资料

HindawiPublishingCorporation InternationalJournalofEcology Volume2012,ArticleID658437,7pages doi:10.1155/2012/658437 ResearchArticle BehavioralandPhysiologicalResponsesof OzarkZigzagSalamanderstoStimulifrom anInvasivePredator:TheArmadillo AdamL.Crane,CarlyE.McGrane,andAliciaMathis DepartmentofBiology,MissouriStateUniversity,901S.National,Spring?eld,MO65897,USA CorrespondenceshouldbeaddressedtoAdamL.Crane,adamcrane@ Received8July2011;Accepted18August2011 AcademicEditor:AndrewSih Copyright?2012AdamL.Craneetal.ThisisanopenaccessarticledistributedundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense, whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperlycited. Whennewpredatorsinvadeahabitat,eitherthroughrangeextensionsorintroductions,preymaybeatahighriskbecausethey donotrecognizethepredatorsasdangerous.Thenine-bandedarmadillo(Dasypusnovemcinctus)hasrecentlyexpandeditsrange inNorthAmerica.Armadillosforagebysearchingsoilandleaflitter,consuminginvertebratesandsmallvertebrates,including salamanders.WetestedwhetherOzarkzigzagsalamanders(Plethodonangusticlavius)fromapopulationcoexistingwitharmadillos forabout30yearsexhibitantipredatorbehaviorinthepresenceofarmadillochemicalcuesandwhethertheycandiscriminate betweenstimulifromarmadillosandanonpredatorysympatricmammal(white-taileddeer,Odocoileusvirginianus ).Salamanders appearedtorecognizesubstratecuesfromarmadillosasathreatbecausetheyincreasedescapebehaviorsandoxygenconsumption. Whenexposedtoairbornecuesfromarmadillos,salamandersalsoexhibitedanantipredatorresponsebyspendingmoretimein aninconspicuousposture.Additionally,individuallyconsistentbehaviorsacrosstreatmentsforsomeresponsevariablessuggest thepotentialforabehavioralsyndromeinthisspecies. 1.Introduction fromnovelpredatorsifthepredatorshaverecentlyeatenprey thatareofthesameorsimilarspecies(reviewedin[10]). The nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) recently has experienced a relatively rapid period of range expansion[11].Beforeth