An Adaptive Allelic Series Featuring Complex Gene Rearrangements 英文参考文献.docVIP

Perspective AnAdaptiveAllelicSeriesFeaturingComplexGene Rearrangements JoshuaM.Schmidt,CharlesRobin* GeneticsDepartment,TheUniversityofMelbourne,Melbourne,Australia An intriguing observation from some studies of adaptive change is allelic series, where adaptive alleles successive- ly replace each other at a single locus. For instance, at the Cyp6g1 locus of Drosophila melanogaster, transposable ele- ment insertions and a gene duplication event have combined to create at least two adaptive alleles in which the more center of a very recent and strong selective sweep dating to between 25 and 240 years ago. What selective agent could result in such strong selection on aninsect species, sorecently? Thelinkto ‘‘choline’’ motivated Aminetzach et al. [6] to test whether a commonly used class of insecticides, the organophos- phates (OPs), which target the insect nervous system byinhibiting theenzyme involves three alleles: the ancestral allele that is purportedly susceptible to an OP insecticide andthesigma virus, the DOC insertion allele characterized asresistant to an OP and moderately resistant to sigma viruses, and a derived, highly virus-resistant allele (alleles A, B, and C, respectively, in Figure 1). As in the case of Cyp6g1, it appears that the next step in an allelic series has arisen before theprevious step hasswept to fixation. What is the significance of this? We might expect that in a species with high population substructure, inde- pendent alleles may arise and compete against each other depending on the derived the allele, the greater the insecticide resistance of its bearer [1]. Similarly, insecticide-resistant alleles in Culex mosquitoes have been observed replacing each other within the period of a decade [2]. acetylcholine selective esterase, driving could be the this selective agent sweep at a locus implied in choline metabolism. They found that a line bearing the DOC allele had greater resistance to an OP than a control line