An Experimental Test of the Accumulated Copying Error Model of Cultural Mutation for Acheulean Handaxe Size 英文参考文献.docVIP

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An Experimental Test of the Accumulated Copying Error Model of Cultural Mutation for Acheulean Handaxe Size 英文参考文献.doc

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An Experimental Test of the Accumulated Copying Error Model of Cultural Mutation for Acheulean Handaxe Size 英文参考文献

AnExperimentalTestoftheAccumulatedCopyingError ModelofCulturalMutationforAcheuleanHandaxeSize MariusKempe1,2*,StephenLycett3,AlexMesoudi1,2 1BiologicalandExperimentalPsychologyGroup,SchoolofBiologicalandChemicalSciences,QueenMary,UniversityofLondon,London,UnitedKingdom,2Department ofAnthropology,DurhamUniversity,Durham,UnitedKingdom,3SchoolofAnthropologyandConservation,TheUniversityofKent,Canterbury,Kent,UnitedKingdom Abstract Archaeologistsinterestedinexplainingchangesinartifactmorphologyoverlongtimeperiodshavefounditusefultocreate modelsinwhichtheonlysourceofchangeisrandomandunintentionalcopyingerror,or‘culturalmutation’.Thesemodels can be used as null hypotheses against which to detect non-random processes such as cultural selection or biased transmission.Oneproposedculturalmutationmodelistheaccumulatedcopyingerrormodel,whereindividualsattemptto copy the size of another individual’s artifact exactly but make small random errors due to physiological limits on the accuracy of their perception. Here, we first derive the model within an explicit mathematical framework, generating the predictions that multiple independently-evolving artifact chains should diverge over time such that their between-chain varianceincreaseswhilethemeanartifactsizeremainsconstant.Wethenpresentthefirstexperimentaltestofthismodelin which200participants,splitinto20transmissionchains,wereaskedtofaithfullycopythesizeofthepreviousparticipant’s handaxe image on an iPad. The experimental findings supported the model’s prediction that between-chain variance shouldincreaseovertimeanddidsoinamannerquantitativelyinlinewiththemodel.However,whentheinitialsizeofthe imagethattheparticipantsresizedwaslargerthanthesizeoftheimagetheywerecopying,subjectstendedtoincreasethe sizeoftheimage,resultinginthemeansizeincreasingratherthanstayingconstant.Thissuggeststhatitemsofmaterial cultureformedbyreductivevs.additiveprocessesmaymutatedifferentlywhenindividualsattempttoreplicatefaithfully thesizeofpreviously-produ