Bridgehead Effect in the Worldwide Invasion of the Biocontrol Harlequin Ladybird 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Bridgehead Effect in the Worldwide Invasion of the Biocontrol Harlequin Ladybird 英文参考文献.doc

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Bridgehead Effect in the Worldwide Invasion of the Biocontrol Harlequin Ladybird 英文参考文献

BridgeheadEffectintheWorldwideInvasionofthe BiocontrolHarlequinLadybird EricLombaert1,ThomasGuillemaud1,Jean-MarieCornuet2,ThibautMalausa1,Beno??tFacon2 ,Arnaud Estoup2* 1Equipe‘‘BiologiedesPopulationsenInteraction’’,INRAUMR1301IBSV(INRA/CNRS/Universite′deNice-SophiaAntipolis),Sophia-Antipolis,France,2INRAUMRCentrede BiologieetdeGestiondesPopulations(INRA/IRD/Cirad/MontpellierSupAgro),Montferrier-sur-Lez,France Abstract Recentstudiesoftheroutesofworldwideintroductionsofalienorganismssuggestthatmanywidespreadinvasionscould havestemmednotfromthenativerange,butfromaparticularlysuccessfulinvasivepopulation,whichservesasthesource of colonists for remote new territories. We call here this phenomenon the invasive bridgehead effect. Evaluating the likelihood of such a scenario is heuristically challenging. We solved this problem by using approximate Bayesian computationmethodstoquantitativelycomparecomplexinvasionscenariosbasedontheanalysisofpopulationgenetics (microsatellite variation) andhistorical(first observation dates) data.We applied this approach to theHarlequin ladybird Harmoniaaxyridis(HA),acoccinellidnativetoAsiathatwasrepeatedlyintroducedasabiocontrolagentwithoutbecoming establishedfordecades.WeshowthattherecentburstofworldwideinvasionsofHAfollowedabridgeheadscenario,in which an invasive population in eastern North America acted as the source of the colonists that invaded the European, SouthAmericanandAfricancontinents,withsomeadmixturewithabiocontrolstraininEurope.Thisdemonstrationofa mechanismofinvasionviaabridgeheadhasimportantimplicationsbothforinvasiontheory(i.e.,asingleevolutionaryshift inthebridgeheadpopulationversusmultiplechangesincaseofintroducedpopulationsbecominginvasiveindependently) andforongoingeffortstomanageinvasionsbyalienorganisms(i.e.,heightenedvigilanceagainstinvasivebridgeheads). Citation: Lombaert E, Guillemaud T, Cornuet J-M, Malausa T, Facon B, et al. (2010) Bridgehead Effect in the Worldwide Invasion of the Biocontrol Harlequin Ladybi