Bridging the Gulf Phytophthora and Downy Mildews Are Connected by Rare Grass Parasites 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Bridging the Gulf Phytophthora and Downy Mildews Are Connected by Rare Grass Parasites 英文参考文献.doc

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Bridging the Gulf Phytophthora and Downy Mildews Are Connected by Rare Grass Parasites 英文参考文献

BridgingtheGulf:PhytophthoraandDownyMildewsAre ConnectedbyRareGrassParasites MarcoThines* InstituteofBotany,UniversityofHohenheim,Stuttgart,Germany Abstract Downy mildews and root and foliar rots caused by Phytophthora are among the most destructive plant pathogens and thereforehaveattractedconsiderable attentionduring thepast twodecades.Althoughithas beenrealizedthata close phylogeneticrelationshipexists,sofarsharpdistinctionhasbeenmadebetweentheobligatebiotrophicdownymildews andthehemibiotrophicPhytophthora.Inthestudypresentedhere,itisshownthatacontinuumofcharacterstatesfrom hemibiotrophic Phytophthora species to obligate biotrophic downy mildews is present. Intermediate character states betweendownymildewsandPhytophthoraspeciesexistinseveralrareparasitesofgrasses,whicharenotembeddedwithin themajorcladesofthedownymildewsbutareplacedsistertothese,withunresolvedaffinitiestoboththesecladesandto Phytophthora.TheystillhaveretainedtraitshithertothoughttobeexclusiveforPhytophthora.Acarefulreviewofprevious research is presented and it is highlighted that uniquely for downy mildews, Poakatesthia may form an intracellular mycelium, growing through several host cells. In addition, scanning electron microscopy reveals that sporangiophore growthisnotdeterminateinViennotiaandthatoutgrowthfromsporangiophoresisverysimilartoPhytophthorainfestans .It isconcludedthatthesharpmorphologicaldistinctionbetweendownymildewsandPhytophthoraspecies(thatareoften placed in separate families and even different orders), is rather artificial, since all features thought to be exclusive to Phytophthora or the downy mildews are united in the rare grass-parasitizing down mildew genera Viennotia and Poakatesthia and the enigmatic genus Sclerophthora. Therefore, several paradigms regarding the distinction between Phytophthoraandthedownymildewsneedtobereconsidered. Citation: Thines M (2009) Bridging the Gulf: Phytophthora and Downy Mildews Are Connected by Rare Grass Parasites. PLoS ONE 4(3): e47