Do Ravens Show Consolation Responses to Distressed Others 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Do Ravens Show Consolation Responses to Distressed Others 英文参考文献.doc

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Do Ravens Show Consolation Responses to Distressed Others 英文参考文献

DoRavensShowConsolation?ResponsestoDistressed Others OrlaithN.Fraser1*,ThomasBugnyar1,2 1DepartmentofCognitiveBiology,UniversityofVienna,Vienna,Austria,2KonradLorenzForschungstelle,Gru¨nau,Austria Abstract Background: Bystander affiliation (post-conflict affiliation from an uninvolved bystander to the conflict victim) may represent an expression of empathy in which the bystander consoles the victim to alleviate the victim’s distress (‘‘consolation’’).However,alternativehypothesesforthefunctionofbystanderaffiliationalsoexist.Determiningwhether ravensspontaneouslyofferconsolationtodistressedpartnersmaynotonlyhelpustounderstandhowanimalsdealwith thecostsofaggressiveconflict,butmayalsoplayanimportantroleintheempathydebate. Methodology/Principal findings: This study investigates the post-conflict behavior of ravens, applying the predictive framework for the function of bystander affiliation for the first time in a non-ape species. We found weak evidence for reconciliation (post-conflict affiliation between former opponents), but strong evidence for both bystander affiliation and solicitedbystanderaffiliation(post-conflictaffiliationfromthevictimtoabystander).Bystandersinvolvedinbothinteractions werelikelytoshareavaluablerelationshipwiththevictim.Bystanderaffiliationofferedtothevictimwasmorelikelytooccurafter intenseconflicts.Renewedaggressionwaslesslikelytooccurafterthevictimsolicitedaffiliationfromabystander. Conclusions/Significance: Our findings suggestthat in ravens, bystanders may console victims with whomthey share a valuable relationship, thus alleviating the victims’ post-conflict distress. Conversely victims may affiliate with bystanders afteraconflictinordertoreducethelikelihoodofrenewedaggression.Theseresultsstresstheimportanceofrelationship qualityindeterminingtheoccurrenceandfunctionofpost-conflictinteractions,andshowthatravensmaybesensitiveto theemotionsofothers. Citation:FraserON,BugnyarT(2010)DoRavensShowConsolation?ResponsestoDistressedOthers.PLoSONE5(