Evidence That the Cortical Motor Command for the Initiation of Dynamic Plantarflexion Consists of Excitation followed by Inhibition 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Evidence That the Cortical Motor Command for the Initiation of Dynamic Plantarflexion Consists of Excitation followed by Inhibition 英文参考文献.doc

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Evidence That the Cortical Motor Command for the Initiation of Dynamic Plantarflexion Consists of Excitation followed by Inhibition 英文参考文献

EvidenceThattheCorticalMotorCommandforthe InitiationofDynamicPlantarflexionConsistsof ExcitationfollowedbyInhibition WolfgangTaube1*,JesperLundbye-Jensen2,3,MartinSchubert4,AlbertGollhofer5,ChristianLeukel1,5 1Department of Medicine, Movement and Sport Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland, 2Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen,Copenhagen,Denmark,3DepartmentofNeuroscienceandPharmacology,UniversityofCopenhagen,Copenhagen,Denmark,4SpinalCordInjuryCentre, BalgristUniversityHospital,UniversityofZurich,Zurich,Switzerland,5DepartmentofSportScience,UniversityofFreiburg,Freiburg,Germany Abstract At theonset of dynamic movements excitation of the motorcortex (M1) is spatially restricted toareas representing the involvedmuscleswhereasadjacentareasareinhibited.Thecurrentstudyelucidateswhetherthecorticalmotorcommand fordynamiccontractionsisalsorestrictedtoacertainpopulationofcorticalneuronsresponsibleforthefastcorticospinal projections.Therefore,corticospinaltransmissionwasassessedwithhightemporalresolutionduringdynamiccontractions after both, magnetic stimulation over M1 and the brainstem. The high temporal resolution could be obtained by conditioningthesoleusH-reflexwithdifferentinterstimulusintervalsbycervicomedullarystimulation(CMS-conditioning) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of M1 (M1-conditioning). This technique provides a precise time course of facilitationandinhibition.CMS-andM1-conditioningproducedan‘earlyfacilitation’oftheH-reflex,whichoccurredaround 3ms earlier with CMS-conditioning. The early facilitation is believed to be caused by activation of direct monosynaptic projectionstothespinalmotoneurons.CMS-conditioningresultedinasubsequent‘latefacilitation’,whichisconsideredto reflectactivityofslow-conductingand/orindirectcorticospinalpathways.Incontrast,M1-conditioningproduceda‘latedis- facilitation’oreven‘lateinhibition’.Asthelatedis-facilitationwasonlyseenfollowingM1-butnotCMS-conditioning,itis argued t