Monitoring Butterfly Abundance Beyond Pollard Walks 英文参考文献.docVIP

MonitoringButterflyAbundance:BeyondPollardWalks Je′ro?mePellet1,2*,JasonT.Bried3,DavidParietti4,AntoineGander5,PatrickO.Heer2,DanielCherix4,6, Raphae¨lArlettaz2 1A.MaibachSa`rl, Oron-la-Ville,Switzerland,2DivisionofConservationBiology,InstituteofEcologyandEvolution,UniversityofBern,Bern,Switzerland,3Departmentof Zoology,OklahomaStateUniversity,Stillwater,Oklahoma,UnitedStatesofAmerica,4DepartmentofEcologyandEvolution,Biophore,UniversityofLausanne,Dorigny, Switzerland,5Grouped’e′tudeetdegestion,GrandeCaric?aie, Champ-Pittet,Yverdon,Switzerland,6Muse′edezoologiedeLausanne,Lausanne,Switzerland Abstract Mostbutterflymonitoringprotocolsrelyoncountsalongtransects(Pollardwalks)togeneratespeciesabundanceindices andtrackpopulationtrends.Itisstilltoooftenignoredthatapopulationcountresultsfromtwoprocesses:thebiological process (true abundance) and the statistical process (our ability to properly quantify abundance). Because individual detectabilitytendstovaryinspace(e.g.,amongsites)andtime(e.g.,amongyears),itremainsunclearwhetherindexcounts truly reflect population sizes and trends. This study compares capture-mark-recapture (absolute abundance) and count- index(relativeabundance)monitoringmethodsinthreespecies(MaculineanausithousandIolanaiolas:Lycaenidae;Minois dryas:Satyridae)incontrastedhabitattypes.Wedemonstratethatintraspecificvariabilityinindividualdetectabilityunder standard monitoring conditions is probably the rule rather than the exception, which questions the reliability of count- based indices to estimate and compare specific population abundance. Our results suggest that the accuracy of count- basedmethods dependsheavilyon theecologyandbehaviorofthetargetspecies,aswellason thetypeofhabitatin which surveys take place. Monitoring programs designed to assess the abundance and trends in butterfly populations shouldincorporateameasureofdetectability.Wediscusstherelativeadvantagesandinconveniencesofcurrentmonitoring methods and analytical approaches with re