Neural Responses to Smoking Stimuli Are Influenced by Smokers Attitudes towards Their Own Smoking Behaviour 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Neural Responses to Smoking Stimuli Are Influenced by Smokers Attitudes towards Their Own Smoking Behaviour 英文参考文献.doc

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Neural Responses to Smoking Stimuli Are Influenced by Smokers Attitudes towards Their Own Smoking Behaviour 英文参考文献

NeuralResponsestoSmokingStimuliAreInfluencedby Smokers’AttitudestowardsTheirOwnSmoking Behaviour BastianStippekohl1*,MarkusH.Winkler2,BertramWalter1,SabineKagerer1,RonaldF.Mucha2, PaulPauli2,DieterVaitl1,RudolfStark1 1Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany, 2Department of Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Wu¨rzburg, Wu¨rzburg,Germany Abstract An important feature of addiction is the high drug craving that may promote the continuation of consumption. Environmental stimuli classically conditioned to drug-intake have a strong motivational power for addicts and can elicit craving. However, addicts differ in the attitudes towards their own consumption behavior: some are content with drug taking (consonant users) whereas othersare discontent (dissonant users). Such differences may be important for clinical practice because the experience of dissonance might enhance the likelihood to consider treatment. This fMRI study investigated in smokers whether these different attitudes influence subjective and neural responses to smoking stimuli. Based on self-characterization, smokers were divided into consonant and dissonant smokers. These two groups were presentedsmokingstimuliandneutralstimuli.Formerstudieshavesuggesteddifferencesintheimpactofsmokingstimuli dependingonthetemporalstageofthesmokingritualtheyareassociatedwith.Therefore,weusedstimuliassociatedwith thebeginning(BEGIN-smoking-stimuli)andstimuliassociatedwiththeterminalstage(END-smoking-stimuli)ofthesmoking ritualasdistinctstimuluscategories.Stimulusratingsdidnotdifferbetweenbothgroups.BraindatashowedthatBEGIN- smoking-stimuli led to enhanced mesolimbic responses (amygdala, hippocampus, insula) in dissonant compared to consonant smokers. In response to END-smoking-stimuli, dissonant smokers showed reduced mesocortical responses (orbitofrontalcortex,subcallosalcortex)comparedtoconsonantsmokers.Theseresultssuggestthatsmokingstimuliwitha high incentive value (B