Osteoarthritis associated with estrogen deficiency 英文参考文献.docVIP

Available online /content/11/5/241 Review Osteoarthritis associated with estrogen deficiency Jorge A Roman-Blas1,2, Santos Casta?eda3, Raquel Largo1 and Gabriel Herrero-Beaumont1 1Bone and Joint Research Unit, Service of Rheumatology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid 28040, Spain 2Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia 19107, USA 3Department of Rheumatology, Hospital de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid 28005, Spain Corresponding author: Gabriel Herrero-Beaumont, gherrero@fjd.es Published: 21 September 2009 Arthritis Research Therapy 2009, 11:241 (doi:10.1186/ar2791) This article is online at /content/11/5/241 ? 2009 BioMed Central Ltd Abstract estrogens [5]. In contrast to other tissues such as the endometrium, breast, brain and non-joint bone, it was traditionally thought that joint tissues were non-responsive to estrogens and estrogen deficit. However, interest in estro- gens was stimulated by the large proportion of postmeno- pausal women with OA and the complexity of their role in this disease. Indeed, considerable efforts have been made to understand the potential role of estrogens in the biology of joint tissues, as well as in the development and progression of OA, which has led to a better understanding of the effects of estrogen on joint tissues and on cartilage in particular [5-7]. Osteoarthritis (OA) affects all articular tissues and finally leads to joint failure. Although articular tissues have long been considered unresponsive to estrogens or their deficiency, there is now increasing evidence that estrogens influence the activity of joint tissues through complex molecular pathways that act at multiple levels. Indeed, we are only just beginning to understand the effects of estrogen deficiency on articular tissues during OA development and progression, as wel