Primary Cilia Highly Sophisticated Biological Sensors 英文参考文献.docVIP

Sensors 2009, 9, 7003-7020; doi:10.3390/OPEN ACCESS sensors ISSN 1424-8220 /journal/sensors Review Primary Cilia: Highly Sophisticated Biological Sensors Wissam A. Abou Alaiwi *, Shao T. Lo and Surya M. Nauli * Pharmacology Department; MS 607 / University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; E-Mail: slo@ (S.T.L.) * Author to whom correspondence may be addressed; E-Mails: waboual@ (W.A.A.); surya.nauli@ (S.M.N.); Tel.: +1-419-530-1921 (W.A.A); +1-419-530-1910 (S.M.N.); Fax: +1-419-530-1909. Received: 2 July 2009; in revised form: 31 July 2009 / Accepted: 1 September 2009 / Published: 3 September 2009 Abstract: Primary cilia, thin hair-like structures protruding from the apical surface of most mammalian cells, have gained the attention of many researchers over the past decade. Primary cilia are microtubule-filled sensory organelles that are enclosed within the ciliary membrane. They originate at the cell surface from the mother centriole that becomes the mature basal body. In this review, we will discuss recent literatures on the roles of cilia as sophisticated sensory organelles. With particular emphasis on vascular endothelia and renal epithelia, the mechanosensory role of cilia in sensing fluid shear stress will be discussed. Also highlighted is the ciliary involvement in cell cycle regulation, development, cell signaling and cancer. Finally, primary cilia-related disorders will be briefly described. Keywords: primary cilia; mechanosensory transduction; calcium; fluid shear stress 1. Introduction Despite their discovery over a century ago, primary non-motile cilia were thought to be vestigial organelles inherited from an ancestor whose cells had motile flagella, and that the flagella or cilia now served no purpose. In particular, although the presence of cilia has been observed in various cell types in mammalian cells [1,2], the function of cilia continued to elude rese