Prevalent Ciliate Symbiosis on Copepods High Genetic Diversity and Wide Distribution Detected Using Small Subunit Ribosomal RNA Gene 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Prevalent Ciliate Symbiosis on Copepods High Genetic Diversity and Wide Distribution Detected Using Small Subunit Ribosomal RNA Gene 英文参考文献.doc

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Prevalent Ciliate Symbiosis on Copepods High Genetic Diversity and Wide Distribution Detected Using Small Subunit Ribosomal RNA Gene 英文参考文献

PrevalentCiliateSymbiosisonCopepods:HighGenetic DiversityandWideDistributionDetectedUsingSmall SubunitRibosomalRNAGene ZhilingGuo1,2,ShengLiu1,SiminHu1,TaoLi1,YousongHuang4,GuangxingLiu4,HuanZhang2,4*, SenjieLin2,3 * 1KeyLaboratoryofMarineBio-resourcesSustainableUtilization,SouthChinaSeaInstituteofOceanology,ChineseAcademyofScience,Guangzhou,Guangdong,China, 2DepartmentofMarineSciences,UniversityofConnecticut,Groton,Connecticut,UnitedStatesofAmerica,3MarineBiodiversityandGlobalChangeLaboratory,Xiamen University,Xiamen,Fujian,China,4DepartmentofEnvironmentalScience,OceanUniversityofChina,Qingdao,Shandong,China Abstract Towardunderstandingthegeneticdiversityanddistributionofcopepod-associatedsymbioticciliatesandtheevolutionary relationshipswiththeirhostsinthemarineenvironment,wedevelopedasmallsubunitribosomalRNAgene(18SrDNA)- based molecular method and investigated the genetic diversity and genotype distribution of the symbiotic ciliates on copepods.Ofthe10copepodspeciesrepresentingsixfamiliescollectedfromsixlocationsofPacificandAtlanticOceans,9 were found to harbor ciliate symbionts. Phylogenetic analysis of the 391 ciliate 18S rDNA sequences obtained revealed seven groups (ribogroups), six (containing 99% of all the sequences) belonging to subclass Apostomatida, the other clustered with peritrich ciliate Vorticella gracilis. Among the Apostomatida groups, Group III were essentially identical to Vampyrophryapelagica,andtheotherfivegroupsrepresentedtheundocumentedciliatesthatwereclosetoVampyrophrya/ Gymnodinioides/Hyalophysa.GroupVIciliateswerefoundinallcopepodspeciesbutone(Calanussinicus),andweremost abundant among all ciliate sequences obtained, indicating that they are the dominant symbiotic ciliates universally associated with copepods. In contrast, some ciliate sequences were found only in some of the copepods examined, suggesting the host selectivity and geographic differentiation of ciliates, which requires further verification by more extensive sampling. Our