Rainforest Pharmacopeia in Madagascar Provides High Value for Current Local and Prospective Global Uses 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Rainforest Pharmacopeia in Madagascar Provides High Value for Current Local and Prospective Global Uses 英文参考文献.doc

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Rainforest Pharmacopeia in Madagascar Provides High Value for Current Local and Prospective Global Uses 英文参考文献

RainforestPharmacopeiainMadagascarProvidesHigh ValueforCurrentLocalandProspectiveGlobalUses ChristopherD.Golden1,2,3*,B.J.RodolphRasolofoniaina2,E.J.GastaAnjaranirina2,LilienNicolas4, LaurentRavaoliny2,ClaireKremen3 1Harvard University Center for the Environment, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, 2Madagascar Health and Environmental Research (MAHERY), Maroantsetra, Madagascar, 3Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America, 4MaroantsetraDistrictPublicHospital,Maroantsetra,Madagascar Abstract Botanicaldiversityprovidesvaluetohumansthroughcarbonsequestration,airandwaterpurification,andtheprovisioning of wild foods and ethnomedicines. Here we calculate the value of botanical ethnomedicines in a rainforest region of Madagascar, the Makira Protected Area, using a substitution method that combines replacement costs and choice modeling.TheMakirawatershedmaycompriseapproximately0.8%ofglobalbotanicaldiversityandpossessesenormous value both in its ability to provision botanical ethnomedicines to local people and as a source of potentially novel pharmaceutical drugs for society as a whole. Approximately 241 locally-recognized species are used as ethnomedicines, including 113 agricultural or weed species. We equated each ethnomedicinal treatment to the monetary value of a comparablepharmaceuticaltreatmentadjustedbypersonalpreferencesinperceivedefficacy(ratherthanfromknownor assumedmedicinalequivalency).Thebenefitvalueofthesebotanicalethnomedicinesperindividualis$5.40–7.90peryear whenusingthevalueofhighlysubsidizedMalagasypharmaceuticalsand$100.60–287.40whenusingthevalueofAmerican pharmaceuticals.Usinglocalpharmaceuticalsassubstitutes,thevalueperhouseholdis$30.24–44.30peryear,equivalentto 43–63% of median annual household income, demonstrating their local importance. Using the value of American pharmaceuticals,theamountisequivalentto22–63%ofthemedianannualhealthcareexpenditu