Rapid Experimental Evolution of Pesticide Resistance in C. elegans Entails No Costs and Affects the Mating System 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Rapid Experimental Evolution of Pesticide Resistance in C. elegans Entails No Costs and Affects the Mating System 英文参考文献.doc

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Rapid Experimental Evolution of Pesticide Resistance in C. elegans Entails No Costs and Affects the Mating System 英文参考文献

RapidExperimentalEvolutionofPesticideResistancein C.elegansEntailsNoCostsandAffectstheMating System PatriciaC.Lopes1,2,Elio′ Sucena2,M.Em?′liaSantos2,SaraMagalha?es2,3* 1Programa Graduado em A′reas da Biologia Ba′sica e Aplicada (GABBA), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal, 2Centro de Biologia do Desenvolvimento,InstitutoGulbenkiandeCie?ncia,Oeiras,Portugal,3CentrodeBiologiaAmbiental,FaculdadedeCie?ncias daUniversidadedeLisboa,CampoGrande, Lisbon Abstract Pesticideresistanceisamajorconcerninnaturalpopulationsandamodeltraittostudyadaptation.Despitetheimportance ofthistrait,thedynamicsofitsevolutionandofitsecologicalconsequencesremainlargelyunstudied.Tofillthisgap,we performed experimental evolution with replicated populations of Caenorhabditis elegans exposed to the pesticide Levamisoleduring20generations.ExposuretoLevamisoleresultedindecreasedsurvival,fecundityandmalefrequency, whichdeclinedfrom30%tozero.Thiswasnotduetodifferentialsusceptibilityofmales.Rather,thedrugaffectedmobility, resulting in fewer encounters, probably leading to reduced outcrossing rates. Adaptation, i.e., increased survival and fecundity,occurredwithin10and20generations,respectively.Malefrequencyalsoincreasedbygeneration20.Adaptation costswereundetectedintheancestralenvironmentandinpresenceofIvermectin,anotherwidely-usedpesticidewithan opposite physiological effect. Our results demonstrate that pesticide resistance can evolve at an extremely rapid pace. Furthermore,weunraveltheeffectsofbehaviouronlife-historytraitsandtesttheenvironmentaldependenceofadaptation costs.Thisstudyestablishesexperimentalevolutionasapowerfultooltotacklepesticideresistance,andpavesthewayto furtherinvestigationsmanipulatingenvironmentaland/orgeneticfactorsunderlyingadaptationtopesticides. Citation:LopesPC,SucenaE′,SantosME,Magalha?esS(2008)RapidExperimentalEvolutionofPesticideResistanceinC.elegansEntailsNoCostsandAffectsthe MatingSystem.PLoSONE3(11):e3741.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.