Rapid Growth Reduces Cold Resistance Evidence from Latitudinal Variation in Growth Rate, Cold Resistance and Stress Proteins 英文参考文献.docVIP

RapidGrowthReducesColdResistance:Evidencefrom LatitudinalVariationinGrowthRate,ColdResistance andStressProteins RobbyStoks*,MarjanDeBlock LaboratoryofAquaticEcologyandEvolutionaryBiology,UniversityofLeuven,Leuven,Belgium Abstract Background: Physiological costs of rapid growth may contribute to the observation that organisms typically grow at submaximal rates. Although, it has been hypothesized that faster growing individuals would do worse in dealing with suboptimaltemperatures,thistypeofcosthasneverbeenexploredempirically.Furthermore,themechanisticbasisofthe physiologicalcostsofrapidgrowthislargelyunexplored. Methodology/Principal Finding: Larvae of the damselfly Ischnura elegans from two univoltine northern and two multivoltine southern populations were reared at three temperatures and after emergence given a cold shock. Cold resistance, measured by chill coma recovery times in the adult stage, was lower in the southern populations. The faster larvalgrowthratesinthesouthernpopulationscontributedtothislatitudinalpatternincoldresistance.Inaccordancewith theirassumedroleincoldresistance,Hsp70levelswerelowerinthesouthernpopulations,andfastergrowinglarvaehad lowerHsp70levels.Yet,individualvariationinHsp70levelsdidnotexplainvariationincoldresistance. Conclusions/Significance: We provide evidence for a novel cost of rapid growth: reduced cold resistance. Our results indicate that thereduced cold resistance in southern populations of animals that change voltinism along the latitudinal gradientmaynotentirelybeexplainedbythermalselectionpersebutalsobythecostsoftimeconstraint-inducedhigher growthrates.Thisalsoillustratesthatstressorsimposedinthelarvalstagemaycarryoverandshapefitnessintheadult stageandhighlightstheimportanceofphysiologicalcostsintheevolutionoflife-historiesatmacro-scales. Citation: Stoks R,De Block M(2011)Rapid Growth ReducesColdResistance:Evidence from LatitudinalVariationin GrowthRate, ColdResistanceand Stress Proteins.PLoSONE6(2):e16935.doi:10.1371/jo