Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) Among Mammals Increased Taxon Sampling Alters Interpretations of Key Fossils and Character Evolution 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) Among Mammals Increased Taxon Sampling Alters Interpretations of Key Fossils and Character Evolution 英文参考文献.doc

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Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) Among Mammals Increased Taxon Sampling Alters Interpretations of Key Fossils and Character Evolution 英文参考文献

RelationshipsofCetacea(Artiodactyla)Among Mammals:IncreasedTaxonSamplingAlters InterpretationsofKeyFossilsandCharacterEvolution MichelleSpaulding1,2*,MaureenA.O’Leary3,JohnGatesy4 1DepartmentofEarthEnvironmentalSciences,ColumbiaUniversity,NewYork,NewYork,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2DivisionofPaleontology,AmericanMuseumof NaturalHistory,NewYork,NewYork,UnitedStatesofAmerica,3DepartmentofAnatomicalSciences,StonyBrookUniversity,StonyBrook,NewYork,UnitedStatesof America,4DepartmentofBiology,UniversityofCaliforniaRiverside,Riverside,California,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Background:Integrationofdiversedata(molecules,fossils)providesthemostrobusttestofthephylogenyofcetaceans. Positioningkeyfossilsiscriticalforreconstructingthecharacterchangefromlifeonlandtolifeinthewater. Methodology/PrincipalFindings:Wereexaminerelationshipsofcriticalextincttaxathatimpactourunderstandingofthe origin of Cetacea. We do this in the context of the largest total evidence analysis of morphological and molecular informationforArtiodactyla(661phenotypiccharactersand46,587molecularcharacters,codedfor33extantand48extinct taxa).WescoremorphologicaldataforCarnivoramorpha,{Creodonta,Lipotyphla,andthe{raoellidartiodactylan{Indohyus and concentrate on determining which fossils are positioned along stem lineages to major artiodactylan crown clades. Shortest trees place Cetacea within Artiodactyla and close to {Indohyus, with {Mesonychia outside of Artiodactyla. The relationshipsof{Mesonychiaand{Indohyusarehighlyunstable,however-intreesonlytwostepslongerthanminimum length,{MesonychiafallsinsideArtiodactylaanddisplaces{IndohyusfromapositionclosetoCetacea.Treesbasedonlyon data that fossilize continue to show the classic arrangement of relationships within Artiodactyla with Cetacea grouping outsidetheclade,asignalincongruentwiththemoleculardatathatdominatethetotalevidenceresult. Conclusions/Significance: Integration of new fossil material of {Indohyus impacts placement of another extinct clade {Mesonychia,p