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Requirement of proline synthesis during Arabidopsis reproductive development 英文参考文献.doc

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Requirement of proline synthesis during Arabidopsis reproductive development 英文参考文献

Funcketal.BMCPlantBiology2012,12:191 /1471-2229/12/191 RESEARCH ARTICLE OpenAccess Requirementofprolinesynthesisduring Arabidopsisreproductivedevelopment DietmarFunck1*,GudrunWinter1,LukasBaumgarten1andGiuseppeForlani2 Abstract Background:Gameteandembryodevelopmentarecrucialforsuccessfulreproductionandseedsetinplants, whichisoftenthedeterminingfactorforcropyield.Prolineaccumulationwaslargelyviewedasaspecificreaction toovercomestressconditions,whilerecentstudiessuggestedimportantfunctionsofprolinemetabolismalsoin reproductivedevelopment.Boththeleveloffreeprolineandprolinemetabolismwereproposedtoinfluencethe transitiontoflowering,aswellaspollenandembryodevelopment. Results:Inthisstudy,weperformedadetailedanalysisofthecontributionofindividualprolinebiosynthetic enzymestovegetativedevelopmentandreproductivesuccessinArabidopsis.Incontrasttopreviousreports,we foundthatpyrroline-5-carboxylate(P5C)synthetase2(P5CS2)isnotessentialforsexualreproductionalthough p5cs2mutantplantswereretardedinvegetativedevelopmentanddisplayedreducedfertilityunderlong-day conditions.SinglemutantplantsdevoidofP5CS1didnotshowanydevelopmentaldefects.Simultaneousabsence ofbothP5CSisoformsresultedinpollensterility,whilefertileeggcellscouldstillbeproduced.ExpressionofP5C reductase(P5CR)wasindispensableforembryodevelopmentbutsurprisinglynotneededforpollenoreggcell fertility.ThelatterobservationcouldbeexplainedbyanextremestabilityofP5CRactivity,whichhadahalf-lifetime ofgreaterthan3weeksinvitro.ExpressionofP5CR-GFPunderthecontroloftheendogenousP5CRpromoterwas abletorestoregrowthofhomozygousp5crmutantembryos.TheanalysisofP5CR-GFP-fluorescenceinplanta supportedanexclusivelycytoplasmaticlocalisationofP5CR. Conclusions:Ourresultsdemonstratethatpotentialalternativepathwaysforprolinesynthesisorinter-generation transferofprolinearenotsufficienttoovercomeadefectinprolinebiosynthesisfromglutamateduringpollen development.ProlinebiosynthesisthroughP5CS2andP5CRislimitingforvegetativeandreproductive developmentinAra