Retrocopied Genes May Enhance Male Fitness 英文参考文献.docVIP

Open access, freely available online Synopses of Research Articles Charting the Interplay between Structure and Dynamics in Complex Networks DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030369 While intelligent-design proponents enjoy their 15 minutes of fame denying the role of evolutionary forces in generating complex networks in nature, scientists are probing the organizing principles that govern these networks. Traditional models of complex networks assumed that connections between units—such as genes, proteins, an “excellent correlation” between stability and motif abundance. Higher stability motifs were more abundant in the real networks, while low-stability motifs were absent, suggesting that the nonrandom character of network organization is driven by the structural stability of network motifs. To see how these motifs might operate as functional units, the authors used microarray data from yeast subjected to ?ve different environmental stresses, including mild heat shock and hydrogen peroxide treatment, and mapped activated genes (represented as nodes) to their locations in the network. All the active regulatory motifs had a high stability score, suggesting that the nonrandom nature of the yeast transcriptional network may have arisen from selection acting on small motifs that respond robustly to speci?c environmental stresses. Expanding their analysis to other biological networks, the authors found that yeast and the pathogen Escherichia coli have similar motif pro?les, likely re?ecting similar environmental neurons, or species—occur randomly. These notions changed as studies of protein interaction networks and other biological systems revealed“small world” features—characterized by short paths between nodes and highly clustered connections—and varying levels of organization, with certain patterns of local connections occurring more frequently in complex networks than in random networks.What determines the abundance of these so-called networ