Robustness of Self-Organised Systems to Changes in Behaviour An Example from Real and Simulated Self-Organised Snail Aggregations 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Robustness of Self-Organised Systems to Changes in Behaviour An Example from Real and Simulated Self-Organised Snail Aggregations 英文参考文献.doc

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Robustness of Self-Organised Systems to Changes in Behaviour An Example from Real and Simulated Self-Organised Snail Aggregations 英文参考文献

RobustnessofSelf-OrganisedSystemstoChangesin Behaviour:AnExamplefromRealandSimulatedSelf- OrganisedSnailAggregations RichardStafford1,GrayA.Williams2,MarkS.Davies3* 1Luton Institute of Research in Applied Natural Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, United Kingdom, 2The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of BiologicalSciences,TheUniversityofHongKong,HongKong,3FacultyofAppliedSciences,UniversityofSunderland,Sunderland,UnitedKingdom Abstract Grouporpopulationlevelself-organisedsystemscomprisemanyindividualsdisplayinggroup-levelemergentproperties. Current theory indicates that individual-level behaviours have an effect on the final group-level behaviour; that is, self- organisedsystemsaresensitivetosmallchangesinindividualbehaviour.Hereweexamineaself-organisedbehaviourin relation to environmentally-driven individual-level changes in behaviour, using both natural systems and computer simulations.Wedemonstratethataggregationsofintertidalsnailsslightlydecreaseinsizewhen,owingtohotterandmore desiccating conditions, individuals forage for shorter periods – a seemingly non-adaptive behaviour for the snails since aggregation reduces desiccation stress. This decrease, however, only occurs in simple experimental systems (and simulationsofthesesystems).Whenstudiedintheirnaturalandmorecomplexenvironment,andsimulationsofsuchan environment,usingthesamereducedforagingtime,nodifferenceinaggregationbehaviourwasfoundbetweenhotand cool days. These results give an indication of how robust self-organised systems are to changes in individual-level behaviour.Thecomplexityofthenaturalenvironmentandtheinteractionsofindividualswiththisenvironment,therefore, canresultinself-organisedsystemsbeingmoreresilienttoindividual-levelchangesthanpreviouslyassumed. Citation:StaffordR,WilliamsGA,DaviesMS(2011)RobustnessofSelf-OrganisedSystemstoChangesinBehaviour:AnExamplefromRealandSimulatedSelf- OrganisedSnailAggregations.PLoSONE6(7):e22743.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022743 Editor:Gonza