Revisiting the Tsunami Health Consequences of Flooding 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Revisiting the Tsunami Health Consequences of Flooding 英文参考文献.doc

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Revisiting the Tsunami Health Consequences of Flooding 英文参考文献

Open access, freely available online Policy Forum Revisiting the Tsunami: Health Consequences of Flooding Oliver Morgan*, Mike Ahern, Sandy Cairncross T he South Asian tsunami on 26 December 2004 was one of the largest ?ooding disasters in recent history (Figure 1), causing about 280,000 fatalities in eight countries stretching from Asia to Africa [1]. Shortly after the disaster, the World Health Organization warned that disease could claim as many lives as the tsunami itself [2]. Early-warning communicable disease surveillance systems were established in the affected areas. However, in the following weeks, no large disease outbreaks were reported. In this article, we review the evidence for the health consequences of ?ooding disasters and consider what interventions are appropriate. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020184.g001 Fig 1: Flooding on the East Coast of Sri Lanka after the Tsunami (Photo: Copyright, Aur lie Gr maud/MSF) populations is not usually associated with increased mortality, there have been some exceptions. Flooding in West Bengal in 1998 was followed by an outbreak of diarrhoea, suspected to be cholera, which resulted in 16,590 cases and 276 deaths (case–fatality ratio 1.7%) [6]. when mud and water are contaminated by the urine of infected rodents. Flooding in Guyana in February 2005 led to more than 40 cases of leptospirosis. Other nonspeci?c infections such as conjunctivitis and ear, nose, and throat infections also increase [7]. The Evidence on Flooding and Health A recent systematic review of published literature found limited epidemiological evidence about the health effects from ?ooding disasters [3]. Notably, there were fewer studies from developing countries, where the disease burden is likely to be higher. Diseases transmitted by the faecal– oral route. The review found that diseases transmitted by the faecal–oral route were the main ?ood-related health impact. Such diseases include nonspeci?c diarrhoea, cholera, dysentery, and typhoid (