Role of the Osmotic Stress Regulatory Pathway in Morphogenesis and Secondary Metabolism in Filamentous Fungi 英文参考文献.docVIP

Toxins 2010, 2, 367-381; doi:10.3390/toxins2040367 OPEN ACCESS toxins ISSN 2072-6651 /journal/toxins Review Role of the Osmotic Stress Regulatory Pathway in Morphogenesis and Secondary Metabolism in Filamentous Fungi Rocio Duran 1, Jeffrey W. Cary 2 and Ana M. Calvo 1,* 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Lincoln Hwy. 1425W., Montgomery Hall, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA 2 Food and Feed Safety Research Unit USDA, ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA; E-Mail: jeff.cary@ * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: amcalvo@; Tel.: +1-815-753-0451; Fax: +1-815-753-0461. Received: 19 February 2010; in revised form: 16 March 2010 / Accepted: 17 March 2010 / Published: 24 March 2010 Abstract: Environmental stimuli trigger an adaptative cellular response to optimize the probability of survival and proliferation. In eukaryotic organisms from mammals to fungi osmotic stress, mainly through the action of the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway, leads to a response necessary for adapting and surviving hyperosmotic environments. In this review we show that the osmoadaptative response is conserved but not identical in different fungi. The osmoadaptative response system is also intimately linked to morphogenesis in filamentous fungi, including mycotoxin producers. Previous studies indicate that the response to osmotic stress is also coupled to the biosynthesis of natural products, including mycotoxins. Keywords: Aspergillus; osmotic stress; regulation; morphogenesis; secondary metabolism 1. Introduction Filamentous fungi are ubiquitous in nature, capable of inhabiting very diverse ecological niches. Many filamentous fungi propagate by means of dispersal of asexual spores termed conidia. Spores can traverse very long distances through the air which allows them to come to rest in environments that can be