Saharan dust and association between particulate matter and case-specific mortality a case-crossover analysis in Madrid (Spain) 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Saharan dust and association between particulate matter and case-specific mortality a case-crossover analysis in Madrid (Spain) 英文参考文献.doc

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Saharan dust and association between particulate matter and case-specific mortality a case-crossover analysis in Madrid (Spain) 英文参考文献

Díazetal.EnvironmentalHealth2012,11:11 /content/11/1/11 RESEARCH OpenAccess Saharandustandassociationbetweenparticulate matterandcase-specificmortality:acase- crossoveranalysisinMadrid(Spain) JulioDíaz1,AurelioTobías2*andCristinaLinares3,4 Abstract Background:SaharandustintrusionsareacommonphenomenonintheMadridatmosphere,leadinginduce exceedancesofthe50μg/m3-EU24hstandardforPM10. Methods:WeinvestigatedtheeffectsofexposuretoPM10 betweenJanuary2003andDecember2005inMadrid (Spain)ondailycase-specificmortality;changesofeffectsbetweenSaharanandnon-Saharandustdayswere assessedusingatime-stratifiedcase-crossoverdesign. Results:Saharandustaffected20%ofdaysinthecityofMadrid.MeanconcentrationofPM10 washigherduring dustdays(47.7μg/m3)thannon-dustdays(31.4μg/m3).Theriseofmortalityper10μg/m3PM10 concentration werealwayslargelyforSaharandust-days.WhenstratifyingbyseasonrisksofPM10,atlag1,duringSaharandust dayswerestrongerforrespiratorycausesduringcoldseason(IR%=3.34%(95%CI:0.36,6.41)versus2.87%(95% CI:1.30,4.47))whileforcirculatorycauseseffectswerestrongerduringwarmseason(IR%=4.19%(95%CI:1.34, 7.13)versus2.65%(95%CI:0.12,5.23)).Noeffectswerefoundforcerebrovascularcauses. Conclusions:WefoundevidenceofstrongesteffectsofparticulatematterduringSaharandustdays,providinga suggestionofeffectmodification,eventhoughinteractiontermswerenotstatisticallysignificant.Further investigationisneededtounderstandthemechanismbywhichSaharandustincreasesmortality. Background Among the diseases that would be affected by dust The increased levels of particulate matter in a given intrusionsarethoserelatedtoexacerbationsofrespira- geographicalareaaremainlyinfluencedbytheintrusion torydiseases,especiallypaediatricasthma[6-8]. ofnatural origin suchasthoserelated totheadvection Recently,thissubjectisrisingfromstudiesconducted of dustfromthe desert [1]. Obviously, the areas which inSouthernEurope,althoughtheyhavenotgivencon- are closer to the great deserts are the most affected by