Selection and gene duplication a view from the genome 英文参考文献.docVIP

/2002/3/5/reviews/1012.1 Minireview Selection and gene duplication: a view from the genome Andreas Wagner Address: Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, 167A Castetter Hall, Albuquerque, NM 817131-1091, USA. E-mail: wagnera@ Published: 15 April 2002 GenomeBiology 2002, 3(5):reviews1012.1–1012.3 The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at /2002/3/5/reviews/1012 ? BioMed Central Ltd (Print ISSN 1465-6906; Online ISSN 1465-6914) Abstract Immediately after a gene duplication event, the duplicate genes have redundant functions. Is natural selection therefore completely relaxed after duplication? Does one gene evolve more rapidly than the other? Several recent genome-wide studies have suggested that duplicate genes are always under purifying selection and do not always evolve at the same rate. When a gene duplication event occurs, the duplicate genes have redundant functions. Many deleterious mutations may then be harmless, because even if one gene suffers a muta- tion, the redundant gene copy can provide a back-up func- tion. Put differently, after gene duplication - which can arise through polyploidization (whole-genome duplication), non- homologous recombination, or through the action of retro- transposons - one or both duplicates should experience relaxed selective constraints that result in elevated rates of evolution. This hypothesis originated as least as early as Ohno’s seminal book [1], which emphasized the importance of gene duplications in organismal evolution. But for decades any test of the hypothesis had to rely on small numbers of gene duplicates; doubts thus remained over whether conclusions derived from such case studies were representative of all genes in a genome. This changed with the availability of complete genome sequences from multiple organisms. Such sequence information can address not only