Sex differences in the neural mechanisms mediating addiction a new synthesis and hypothesis 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Sex differences in the neural mechanisms mediating addiction a new synthesis and hypothesis 英文参考文献.doc

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Sex differences in the neural mechanisms mediating addiction a new synthesis and hypothesis 英文参考文献

Beckeretal.BiologyofSexDifferences2012,3:14 /content/3/1/14 REVIEW OpenAccess Sexdifferencesintheneuralmechanisms mediatingaddiction:anewsynthesisand hypothesis JillBBecker1,2,3,4*,AdamNPerry1andChristelWestenbroek1 Abstract Inthisreviewweproposethattherearesexdifferencesinhowmenandwomenenterontothepaththatcanlead toaddiction.Malesaremorelikelythanfemalestoengageinriskybehaviorsthatincludeexperimentingwithdrugs ofabuse,andinsusceptibleindividuals,theyaredrawnintothespiralthatcaneventuallyleadtoaddiction. Womenandgirlsaremorelikelytobegintakingdrugsasself-medicationtoreducestressoralleviatedepression. Forthisreasonwomenenterintothedownwardspiralfurtheralongthepathtoaddiction,andsotransitionto addictionmorerapidly.Weproposethatthissexdifferenceisdue,atleastinpart,tosexdifferencesinthe organizationoftheneuralsystemsresponsibleformotivationandaddiction.Additionally,wesuggestthatsex differencesinthesesystemsandtheirfunctioningareaccentuatedwithaddiction.Inthecurrentreviewwediscuss historical,cultural,socialandbiologicalbasesforsexdifferencesinaddictionwithanemphasisonsexdifferencesin theneurotransmittersystemsthatareimplicated. Keywords:Addiction,Dopamine,Acetylcholine,Norepinephrine,Dynorphin,Cocaine,Heroin Introduction condition (i.e. negative reinforcement), such as depres- The path from initial drug use to addiction is often sion, anxiety, chronic pain or post-traumatic stress dis- describedasadownwardspiral[1].Theeuphoriaoffirst order (PTSD), just to name a few. Thus, in these latter use deteriorates with habituation, to be replaced with individuals,druguseprovidestemporaryreliefandfunc- heightened incentive salience associated with the drug tions as a maladaptive coping strategy to deal with the and the cues that predict the drug as well as dysphoria alterationsinreward-relatedprocessesandaffectivestate intheabsenceofthedrug.Thisisfollowedbyaddiction, thatcharacterizeeachpsychopathology. compulsive craving for the drug, and exacerbation of While the