Shellfish Face Uncertain Future in High CO2 World Influence of Acidification on Oyster Larvae Calcification and Growth in Estuaries 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Shellfish Face Uncertain Future in High CO2 World Influence of Acidification on Oyster Larvae Calcification and Growth in Estuaries 英文参考文献.doc

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Shellfish Face Uncertain Future in High CO2 World Influence of Acidification on Oyster Larvae Calcification and Growth in Estuaries 英文参考文献

ShellfishFaceUncertainFutureinHighCO2World: InfluenceofAcidificationonOysterLarvaeCalcification andGrowthinEstuaries A.WhitmanMiller1*,AmandaC.Reynolds1,CristinaSobrino2,GerhardtF.Riedel1 1SmithsonianEnvironmentalResearchCenter,Edgewater,Maryland,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2UniversidaddeVigo,Vigo,Pontevedra,Spain Abstract Background:Humanactivitieshaveincreasedatmosphericconcentrationsofcarbondioxideby36%duringthepast200 years. One third of all anthropogenic CO2 has been absorbed by the oceans, reducing pH by about 0.1 of a unit and significantlyalteringtheircarbonatechemistry.Thereiswidespreadconcernthatthesechangesarealteringmarinehabitats severely,butlittleornoattentionhasbeengiventothebiotaofestuarineandcoastalsettings,ecosystemsthatarelesspH bufferedbecauseofnaturallyreducedalkalinity. Methodology/PrincipalFindings:ToaddressCO2-inducedchangestoestuarinecalcification,veligerlarvaeoftwooyster species,theEasternoyster(Crassostreavirginica),andtheSuminoeoyster(Crassostreaariakensis)weregrowninestuarine waterunderfourpCO2regimes,280,380,560and800matm,tosimulateatmosphericconditionsinthepre-industrialera, present, and projected future concentrations in 50 and 100 years respectively. CO2 manipulations were made using an automatednegativefeedbackcontrolsystemthatallowedcontinuousandprecisecontroloverthepCO2inexperimental aquaria.Larvalgrowthwasmeasuredusingimageanalysis,andcalcificationwasmeasuredbychemicalanalysisofcalcium in their shells. C. virginica experienced a 16% decrease in shell area and a 42% reduction in calcium content when pre- industrialandendof21st centurypCO2 treatmentswerecompared.C.ariakensisshowednochangetoeithergrowthor calcification. Both species demonstratednetcalcification andgrowth,even when aragonitewasundersaturated, aresult thatrunscountertopreviousexpectationsforinvertebratelarvaethatproducearagoniteshells. ConclusionsandSignificance:Ourresultssuggestthattemperateestuarineandcoastalecosystemsarevulnerabletothe expected changes in water chem