Shorter Exposures to Harder X-Rays Trigger Early Apoptotic Events in Xenopus laevis Embryos 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Shorter Exposures to Harder X-Rays Trigger Early Apoptotic Events in Xenopus laevis Embryos 英文参考文献.doc

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Shorter Exposures to Harder X-Rays Trigger Early Apoptotic Events in Xenopus laevis Embryos 英文参考文献

ShorterExposurestoHarderX-RaysTriggerEarly ApoptoticEventsinXenopuslaevisEmbryos JiaJiaDong2¤,SeanP.Mury1,KarenE.Drahos1,MarkoMoscovitch3,RoyceK.P.Zia2.,CarlaV. Finkielstein1*. 1IntegratedCellularResponsesLaboratory,DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity,Blacksburg,Virginia,UnitedStatesof America,2DepartmentofPhysics,VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity,Blacksburg,Virginia,UnitedStatesofAmerica,3DepartmentofRadiationMedicine, GeorgetownUniversityMedicalCenter,WashingtonD.C.,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Background: A long-standing conventional view of radiation-induced apoptosis is that increased exposure results in augmentedapoptosisinabiologicalsystem,withathresholdbelowwhichradiationdosesdonotcauseanysignificant increaseincelldeath.Theconsequencesofthisbeliefimpacttheextenttowhichmalignantdiseasesandnon-malignant conditions are therapeutically treated and how radiation is used in combination with other therapies. Our research challengesthecurrentdogmaofdose-dependentinductionofapoptosisandestablishesanewparallelparadigmtothe photoelectriceffectinbiologicalsystems. Methodology/PrincipalFindings:WeexploredhowtheenergyofindividualX-rayphotonsandexposuretime,bothfactors thatdeterminethetotaldose,influencetheoccurrenceofcelldeathinearlyXenopusembryo.Threedifferentexperimental scenarioswereanalyzedandmorphologicalandbiochemicalhallmarksofapoptosiswereevaluated.Initially,weexamined cell death events in embryos exposed to increasing incident energies when the exposure time was preset. Then, we evaluated the embryo’s response when the exposure time was augmented while the energy value remained constant. Lastly,westudiedtheincidenceofapoptosisinembryosexposedtoanequaltotaldoseofradiationthatresultedfrom increasingtheincomingenergywhileloweringtheexposuretime. Conclusions/Significance:Overall,ourdataestablishthattheenergyoftheincidentphotonisamajorcontributortothe outcome of thebiological system. In particular, for embryos