Signs of Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Chimpanzees 英文参考文献.docVIP

SignsofMoodandAnxietyDisordersinChimpanzees HopeR.Ferdowsian1,2*,DebraL.Durham1,CharlesKimwele3,GodelieveKranendonk4,EmilyOtali5, TimothyAkugizibwe6,J.B.Mulcahy7,LillyAjarova8,CassieMere′ Johnson1 1Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, D.C., United States of America, 2Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington,D.C.,UnitedStatesofAmerica,3DepartmentofVeterinaryAnatomyandPhysiology,UniversityofNairobi–Kenya,Nairobi,Kenya,4AAPSanctuaryforExotic Animals,Almere,TheNetherlands,5KibaleChimpanzeeProject,MakerereUniversityBiologicalFieldStation,Kibale,Uganda,6UgandaProgram,WildlifeConservation Society,Kampala,Uganda,7ChimpanzeeSanctuaryNorthwest,CleElum,Washington,UnitedStatesofAmerica,8ChimpanzeeSanctuaryandWildlifeConservationTrust, Entebbe,Uganda Abstract Background:Inhumans,traumaticexperiencesaresometimesfollowedbypsychiatricdisorders.Inchimpanzees,studies have demonstrated an association between traumatic events and the emergence of behavioral disturbances resembling posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. We addressed the following central question: Do chimpanzees develop posttraumatic symptoms, in the form of abnormal behaviors, which cluster into syndromes similar to those describedinhumanmoodandanxietydisorders? Methodology/Principal Findings: In phase 1 of this study, we accessed case reports of chimpanzees who had been reportedly subjected to traumatic events, such as maternal separation, social isolation, experimentation, or similar experiences. We applied and tested DSM-IV criteria for PTSD and major depression to published case reports of 20 chimpanzeesidentifiedthroughPrimateLit.Additionally,usingtheDSM-IVcriteriaandethogramsasguides,wedeveloped behaviorallyanchoredalternativecriteriathatwereappliedtothecasereports.Asmallnumberofchimpanzeesinthecase studies met DSM-IV criteria for PTSD and depression. Measures of inter-rater reliability, including Fleiss’ kappa and percentageagreement,werehighe