Silicon Wafer-Based Platinum Microelectrode Array Biosensor for Near Real-Time Measurement of Glutamate in Vivo 英文参考文献.docVIP

Sensors 2008, 8, 5023-5036; DOI: 10.3390/s8085023 OPEN ACCESS sensors ISSN 1424-8220 /sensors Article Silicon Wafer-Based Platinum Microelectrode Array Biosensor for Near Real-Time Measurement of Glutamate in Vivo Kate M. Wassum 1,*,#, Vanessa M. Tolosa 2,#, Jianjun Wang 2, Eric Walker 1, Harold G. Monbouquette 2,* and Nigel T. Maidment 1,* 1 Dept. Psychiatry Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; E-mails: kwassum@ (K.M.W.); ewalker41@ (E.W.) 2 Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Dept., UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; E-Mails: vtolosa@ (V.M.T.); wangjj@ (J.W.) *Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mails: hmonbouq@ (H.G.M.); nmaidmen@ (N.T.M); Tel.: +1-310-206-7767; Fax: +1-310-825-7067 # These individuals are co-first authors Received: 29 July 2008; in revised form: 22 August 2008 / Accepted: 22 August 2008 / Published: 27 August 2008 Abstract: Using Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems (MEMS) technologies, we have developed silicon wafer-based platinum microelectrode arrays (MEAs) modified with glutamate oxidase (GluOx) for electroenzymatic detection of glutamate in vivo. These MEAs were designed to have optimal spatial resolution for in vivo recordings. Selective detection of glutamate in the presence of the electroactive interferents, dopamine and ascorbic acid, was attained by deposition of polypyrrole and Nafion. The sensors responded to glutamate with a limit of detection under 1μM and a sub-1-second response time in solution. In addition to extensive in vitro characterization, the utility of these MEA glutamate biosensors was also established in vivo. In the anesthetized rat, these MEA glutamate biosensors were used for detection of cortically-evoked glutamate release in the ventral striatum. The MEA biosensors also were applied to the detection of stress-induced glutamate release in the dorsal stri