Socioeconomic status and exposure to disinfection by-products in drinking water in Spain 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Socioeconomic status and exposure to disinfection by-products in drinking water in Spain 英文参考文献.doc

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Socioeconomic status and exposure to disinfection by-products in drinking water in Spain 英文参考文献

Casta?o-Vinyalsetal.EnvironmentalHealth2011,10:18 /content/10/1/18 RESEARCH OpenAccess Socioeconomicstatusandexposuretodisinfection by-productsindrinkingwaterinSpain GemmaCasta?o-Vinyals1,2,3*,KennethPCantor4,CristinaMVillanueva1,2,3,AdoninaTardon3,5,ReinaGarcia-Closas6, ConsolSerra7,8,AlfredoCarrato9,NúriaMalats10,NathanielRothman4,DebraSilverman4,ManolisKogevinas1,2,3,11 Abstract Background:Disinfectionby-productsindrinkingwaterarechemicalcontaminantsthathavebeenassociated withcancerandotheradverseeffects.Exposureoccursfromconsumptionoftapwater,inhalationanddermal absorption. Methods:Wedeterminedtherelationshipbetweensocioeconomicstatusandexposuretodisinfectionby- productsin1271controlsfromamulticentricbladdercancercase-controlstudyinSpain.Informationonlifetime drinkingwatersources,swimmingpoolattendance,showering-bathingpractices,andsocioeconomicstatus (education,income)wascollectedthroughpersonalinterviews. Results:Themosthighlyeducatedsubjectsconsumedlesstapwater(57%)andmorebottledwater(33%)than illiteratesubjects(69%and17%respectively,p-value=0.003).Thesedifferencesbecamewiderinrecenttime periods.Thetimespentbathingorshoweringwaspositivelycorrelatedwithattainededucationallevel(p0.001). Swimmingpoolattendancewasmorefrequentamonghighlyeducatedsubjectscomparedtotheilliterate(odds ratio=3.4;95%confidenceinterval1.6-7.3). Conclusions:Themosthighlyeducatedsubjectswerelessexposedtochlorinationby-productsthroughingestion butmoreexposedthroughdermalcontactandinhalationinpoolsandshowers/baths.Healthriskperceptionsand economiccapacitymayaffectpatternsofwaterconsumptionthatcanresultindifferencesinexposuretowater contaminants. Background toair,waterandsoilpollutantsreleasedfromhazardous Environmentalinequityhasbeendefinedasthedispro- wastesites[4].Also,disadvantagedpopulationsinterms portionatehigherriskofenvironmentalpollutionexpo- ofpoverty,ageorethnicityliveclosertoindustrialsites, surethatsomeindividuals suffer duetotheirrace,age, being exposed to high