国外教育心理学课件2–概念概念概述Cassie.pptVIP

Operant Conditioning Cassie Tobin What is Operant Conditioning? The form of learning where a response increases in frequency as a result of it being followed by a reinforcement. Students often learn and demonstrate new behaviors for the consequences that those behaviors bring. Example: Sandy studies hard for her Accounting test. She gets an A on the test. Terms Operant – an action that operates on the environment to produce a change in the environment Reinforcer – an event when which made upon the occurrence of an operant increases the probability of the operant Punisher – an event when which made upon the occurrence of an operant decreases the probability of the operant Operant Conditioning A theory used by many different people. B.F. Skinner and John Watson Reinforcement is a main concept of the theory One distinctive aspect of Skinners theory is that it attempted to provide behavioral explanations for a broad range of phenomena. Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning has been widely applied in clinical settings as well as teaching and instructional development. Operant Conditioning Appropriate and productive behaviors are acquired because of the desirable outcome that may occur. Many inappropriate and undesirable behaviors may be acquired for the same reason. Three Essential Conditions for Operant Conditioning The individual must make a response. Behaviorists say that little is accomplished when the students just sit and listen to their teacher. Students are more likely to learn when they are making active responses within the classroom. Example: Students will learn their cursive letters more easily by writing them. Three Essential Conditions for Operant Conditioning A reinforcer must follow the response. To be most effective, the reinforcer should occur immediately after the response. The closer it occurs to the response the more effective it will be to the students. Example: A teacher gives her students several minutes of free time after they complet