Trapped in freshwater the internal anatomy of the entoproct Loxosomatoides sirindhornae 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Trapped in freshwater the internal anatomy of the entoproct Loxosomatoides sirindhornae 英文参考文献.doc

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Trapped in freshwater the internal anatomy of the entoproct Loxosomatoides sirindhornae 英文参考文献

Schwahaetal.FrontiersinZoology2010,7:7 /content/7/1/7 RESEARCH OpenAccess Trappedinfreshwater:theinternalanatomyof theentoproctLoxosomatoidessirindhornae ThomasSchwaha1*,TimothySWood2,AndreasWanninger3 Abstract Background:Entoproctaisasmallphylumoftentacle-bearingspiralianlophotrochozoansthatcomprisesmainly marinerepresentatives,withonlytwoknownfreshwaterspecies.Oneofthem,LoxosomatoidessirindhornaeWood, 2005wasonlyrecentlydescribed,anddetailedinformationonitsmorphologyincludingadaptationstolifein freshwaterareunknown.WeanalyzedtheinternalanatomyofL.sirindhornaeusingserialsemi-thinsections,3D reconstruction,aswellasimmunocytochemistryandconfocallaserscanningmicroscopy. Results:Thenephridialsystemshowshighcomplexity,strikinglysimilartothatofUrnatellagracilis,theonlyother knownfreshwaterentoproct.Itiscomposedof105-120largeflame-bulbterminalorgansthatoccurinthestalk andcalyx.Inthestalktheyterminateintheepidermis,whereasefferentductsineachterminalorganinthecalyx leadtolarge,pairedterminalductsthatfuseclosetothecentralnervoussystemandopenintotheatriumbya nephridiopore.Comparedtootherstolonateentoprocts,L.sirindhornaeshowsadifferentstalk-calyxjunctionby possessingonlyasingle,multicellularcanopyinsteadofastackofstarcells.Asphinctermuscleissituatedbelow thediaphragmofthestalk.Theremainingmusculatureisconcentratedinthestalk,whilethecalyxmusculatureis sparselydeveloped.Thecentralnervoussystemisdumbbell-shapedasinbasalentoprocts. Conclusions:Thenephridialsystemprobablyhasmainlyosmoregulatoryfunction.Previousstudieshaveshown thatL.sirindhornaeisunabletocopewithhighersalinities,suggestingthatitsadaptationtofreshwaterhas reachedsuchahighdegreethatitisunableto‘turnoff’thenephridialsysteminhighersalinities.Thecurrentdata availableshowthatthearchitectureofinternalorgansystemssuchasthemusculatureorthecalyx-stalkjunction holdmorepromisinginformationfortaxonomicandperhapsevenevolutionaryinferencesinEntoproctathan externalcharacterssuchasspination.Contrarytopreviousinvestigations,thelo