Ultrasonic Array for Obstacle Detection Based on CDMA with Kasami Codes 英文参考文献.docVIP

Sensors2011,11,11464-11475;doi:10.3390/s111211464 OPENACCESS sensors ISSN1424-8220 /journal/sensors Article UltrasonicArrayforObstacleDetectionBasedonCDMAwith KasamiCodes CristinaDiego 1,?,Alvaro′ Hern′andez ,FernandoJ.Alvarez′ 1 1 2 1 ,AnaJim′enez ,RebecaSanz andJoaqu′?nAparicio 1 1 ElectronicsDepartment,UniversityofAlcal′adeHenares,CampusUniversitario.Ctra. Madrid-BarcelonaKm.33.600,Madrid28805,Spain;E-Mails:alvaro@depeca.uah.es(A.H.); ajimenez@depeca.uah.es(A.J.);rebeca.sanz@depeca.uah.es(R.S.); joaquin.aparicio@depeca.uah.es(J.A.) 2 ElectricalEngineeringElectronicsandAutomaticsDepartment,UniversityofExtremadura,Avda.de Elvass/n,Badajoz06071,Spain;E-Mail:fafranco@unex.es ? Authortowhomcorrespondenceshouldbeaddressed;E-Mail:cristina.diego@depeca.uah.es; Tel.:+34-918-856-921;Fax:+34-918-856-591. Received:20October2011;inrevisedform:21November2011/Accepted:21November2011/ Published:2December2011 Abstract: Thispaperraisesthedesignofanultrasonicarrayforobstacledetectionbased onPhasedArray(PA)techniques,whichsteerstheacousticbeamthroughtheenvironment by electronics rather than mechanical means. The transmission of every element in the arrayhasbeenencoded,accordingtoCodeDivisionforMultipleAccess(CDMA),which allowsmultiplebeamstobetransmittedsimultaneously. Allthesefeaturestogetherenable aparallelscanningsystemwhichdoesnotonlyimprovetheimageratebutalsoachieves longerinspectiondistancesincomparisonwithconventionalPAtechniques. Keywords:ultrasound;PhasedArray;CDMA;B-Scanimages 1. Introduction Incomparisonwithordinaryultrasonicsingle-elementtransducers,PhasedArrays(PA)transducers provide a beam steering method without manual or mechanical scanner requirements. PA systems also offer a ?exible way to reshape the beam pattern by changing the geometric parameters of the  Sensors2011,11 11465 array. On the other hand, single-element transducers can only change beam shape through changes intheexcit