Effectiveness of the High DoseRefuge Strategy for Managing Pest Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Plants Expressing One or Two Toxins.docVIP

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Effectiveness of the High DoseRefuge Strategy for Managing Pest Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Plants Expressing One or Two Toxins.doc

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Effectiveness of the High DoseRefuge Strategy for Managing Pest Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Plants Expressing One or Two Toxins

Toxins 2012, 4, 810-835; doi:10.3390/toxins4100810 OPEN ACCESS toxins ISSN 2072-6651 /journal/toxins Article Effectiveness of the High Dose/Refuge Strategy for Managing Pest Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Plants Expressing One or Two Toxins Aiko Gryspeirt 1,2,* and Jean-Claude Grégoire 1 1 Biological Control and Spatial Ecology Laboratory (LUBIES), CP 160/12, Université Libre de Bruxelles, av. FD Roosevelt 50, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; E-Mail: jcgregoi@ulb.ac.be 2 Research Funding for Industry and Agriculture (FRIA, Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l’Industrie et l’Agriculture), 5 rue d’Egmont, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: agryspei@ulb.ac.be. Received: 6 June 2012; in revised form: 21 September 2012 / Accepted: 8 October 2012 / Published: 18 October 2012 Abstract: To delay resistance development to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) plants expressing their own insecticide, the application of the Insect Resistance Management strategy called “High Dose/Refuge Strategy” (HD/R) is recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). This strategy was developed for Bt plants expressing one toxin. Presently, however, new Bt plants that simultaneously express two toxins are on the market. We used a mathematical model to evaluate the efficiency of the HD/R strategy for both these Bt toxins. As the current two-toxin Bt plants do not express two new Cry toxins but reuse one toxin already in use with a one-toxin plant, we estimated the spread of resistance when the resistance alleles are not rare. This study assesses: (i) whether the two toxins have to be present in high concentration, and (ii) the impact of the relative size of the refuge zone on the evolution of resistance and population density. We concluded that for Bt plants expressing one toxin, a high concentration is an essential condition for resistance managemen