热工学chapter1.ppt

Slow compression (Quasi-equilibrium) 恩格斯指出：“只有微分学才能使自然科学有可能用数学来不仅仅表明状态，并且也表明过程：运动。” 1-4 Process and cycle 3.Reversible process 定义：系统经历一个过程之后，如果沿原来路径逆向进行，能使系统与外界同时恢复到初始状态而不留下任何痕迹。 1-4 Process and cycle Reversible process = Quasi-equilibrium + No dissipation 在工程实际中的过程都是不可逆过程，只是有些我们可以近似简化成可逆过程。 (摩擦，电阻，非弹性变性，磁阻等） 1-4 Process and cycle （1）定质量的空气在无磨擦的、不导热的气缸和活塞中被慢慢压缩。 （2）100℃的蒸汽流和25℃的水流绝热混合。 （3）摩拖发动机气缸中的热燃气随活塞迅速移动而膨胀。 判断下列过程是否可逆，并说明原因 （4）对刚性容器内的水加热，使其在恒温下蒸发。 答案：（1）可逆 Quasi-equilibrium + no dissipation = Reversible process （2）不可逆 （3）不可逆 （4）可逆/不可逆 1-4 Process and cycle 4. cycle v p 1 v1 p1 2 v2 p2 Process Initial state Final state Process path A system is said to have undergone a cycle if it returns to its initial state at the end of the process. In order to work continually, it need to undergone a cycle. 1-4 Process and cycle v p p-v Diagram 1-4 Process and cycle s T T-s Diagram 1-4 Process and cycle v p v p 正循环(Power cycle) Vs 逆循环(Refrigeration cycle) 1-4 Process and cycle 1.Mechanical work Definition: Work is the name given to the energy transfer that occurs when part of a system boundary, subjected to the action of a force, has some movement in direction of the force. 1-5 work and heat Work is not a state property! It is a transient quantity only while movement of the boundary occurs. V p 1 2 dv dx 1-5 work and heat V p 1 2 dv dx 1-5 work and heat Per unit mass 1 kg: Expansion: dv0 dw1-20 Compression: dv0 dw1-20 Unit: J, kJ , J/kg , kJ/kg 1-5 work and heat 2.Heat Definition: Heat is the name given to the the energy transfer that occurs between two system at different temperature when they are brought into thermal contact. Thus, heat is a transient quantity that can appear only at the boundaries of the systems (like work). It is wrong to talk of the heat in body. Sign convention: The letter