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Biochemical Conversion of Biomass – Challenges amp; Opportunities.doc

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BiochemicalConversionofBiomass–Challenges

Biochemical Conversion of Biomass – Challenges Opportunities Nirmala Kaushik Soumitra BiswasPresented in the 22nd. Indian Engineering Congress (IEC-07), Udaipur, December 14-16, 2007 AbstractThe technology of deriving bio-energy and other value-added products from renewable bio-resources has been receiving much attention globally due to the key factors such as environmentally benign low energy intensive operations and optimal utilization of bio-resources. Bio-energy could also be instrumental for the enhancement of rural economy coupled with the employment generation at the grass roots level. Biofuels broadly classified as solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel could be derived from the natural biomass. Two most promising pathways for biomass conversion for the next generation of bio-fuels are bio-chemical and thermo-chemical platforms. The paper discusses the latest technological advances in bio-chemical conversion of ligno-cellulosic biomass into fuels and other value-added products. Hybrid technology interventions such as enzymatic conversion of syn-gas into biopolymers and fermentation of bio-oil derived by pyrolysis into ethanol would be covered.Biochemical conversions play major role in the production of biofuels like bio-ethanol, and also a wide array of bioproducts. Development of economically viable process for production of ethanol and co-products in an environment-friendly and energy efficient manner from cellulosic biomass resources can be instrumental for providing energy security and environmental sustainability.The biomass-to-ethanol conversion process involves hydrolyzing the biomass to fermentable sugars to produce ethanol; the intermediate sugars can also be utilized to obtain other value-added chemicals. The natural structure of biomass is resistant to its easy separation into the primary streams viz. cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin. The high cost of cellulase hemi-cellulase enzymes required for the fermentation of cellulose hemi-cellulo