认知语用学——认知原则和交际原则.ppt

Two Principles of Relevance Relevance Theory is based on two fundamental claims, one about cognition, the other about communication. (SperberWilson,1995:260) Human cognition tends to be geared to the maximization of relevance. Every act of ostensive communication communicates a presumption of its own optimal relevance. The Cognitive Principle of Relevance represents Sperber Wilson’s basic assumption about human cognition. Sperber Wilson argue that offers of information automatically raise expectations of relevance. More precisely, any utterance or other act of overt communication creates a presumption that it will be relevant enough to be worth the audience’s attention or, in Sperber Wilson’s terms, “optimally relevant”. This idea is expressed in the communicative principle of relevance. Relevance=Cognitive effects/Processing effort Cognitive effects: result from an interaction of new and old information Processing effort Newly presented information may: a. combine with an existing assumption to yield contextual implications b. strengthen existing assumptions c. contradict and eliminate existing assumptions S W 认为新的信息和现有认知语境具有三种关联方式 , 因而产生三种语境效果 : 1. 新信息与语境相互作用产生语境效果 ; 2. 新信息提供进一步的证据以加强已有语境 ; 3. 新信息与已有语境相矛盾因而放弃原有假设 。 老王和小赵出差回来了吗？ Cognitive principle According to Sperber Wilson, an assumption is relevant in a context if and only if it has some contextual effects in that context. 按照 S W 的理论 , 语境效果指新信息与旧信息相互作用产生的语境含意 , 即在交际中对已有认知语境的改变 , 产生新的认知语境 。一般说来 , 相关的信息会取得一定的交际效果 , 但她们将语境效果看作是 “相关”的必要条件 , 即只有取得一定语境效果的信息才是相关的 。 What sort of things may be relevant? When is an input relevant? What sort of things may be relevant? Intuitively, relevance is a potential property not only of utterances and other observable phenomena, but also, of thoughts, memories and conclusions of inferences. According to Relevance Theory, utterances raise expectations of relevance not because speakers are expected to obey a Co-operative Principle and maxims or some othe